摘要: Comparison with other similar properties　　The ICOMOS World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps (2005) indicates the absence of the cultural heritage of Eskimo and other Northern cultures on the World Heri

Comparison with other similar properties

　　The ICOMOS World Heritage List: Filling the Gaps (2005) indicates the absence of the cultural heritage of Eskimo and other Northern cultures on the World Heritage List. However, several World Heritage properties mentioned below were studied for the comparative analysis of the Heritage of Artic Marine Hunters in terms of typology, geographical location, chronology and cultural representation with the following results:

　　Aasivissuit-Nipsat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea World Heritage property (Greenland, Denmark, inscribed in 2018 in accordance with criterion (v)) represents the heritage site of Paleo-Inuit and Inuit fusher-hunter-gatherer cultures from 3d millennium BC to mid 20^th century. The site includes the remains of deer hunting structures, meat stores, foundations of temporary dwellings, representing hunting traditions mainly based on migration of animals. It is also necessary to highlight that comparing to Artic Marine Hunters of Chukotka, the West Greenland Innuits did not hunt to whales, however, certain similarities exist between two sites, which belong to different geocultural regions.

　　Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap World Heritage property (Greenland, Denmark, inscribed in 2017 in accordance with criterion (v)) represents a sub-arctic farming landscape located on the edge of the glacier. Founded by Norse Greenlandic people in the 10^th century and used by modern Inuit farmers from 18^th century, this cultural heritage site represent another form of man and nature interaction based on agriculture and husbandry. Although, the inhabitants of Kujataa also hunted marine mammals, the site mainly contains the evidence of the agricultural development of Greenland and the migration of Scandinavians outside Europe, differing with the nominated property significantly in terms of geocultural, chronological and typological attribution.  Despite several similar features (presence of both European and Inuit traditions, adaptation to Arctic conditions, marine mammals hunting), Kujataa neither testimony the marine mammals hunting as the core of local economy, nor has one continues successive cultural tradition reflected in tangible and intangible heritage of the site.

　　Red Bay Basque Whaling Station World Heritage property (Canada, inscribed in 2013 in accordance with criteria (ii) and (iv)) within the framework of the comparative studies do also reflects different geocultural context: founded by Basque mariners in the 16^th century, the archaeological site provides the testimony of the European whaling tradition, which existed in the location for over 70 years and was abandoned due to the depletion of the local whale population. Although the site contains the diverse remains of rendering ovens, wharves, living quarters and cemetery, it represents the proto-industrial process of large-scale production of whale oil, which differs significantly both in its nature and chronology with the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters of Chukotka nominated property. 

　　Laponian Area World Heritage property (Sweden, inscribed in 1996 in accordance with criteria (iii)(v)(vii)(viii)(ix)) as the home of the Saami people, is the largest area in the world, where a traditional seasonal reindeer herding is still in place. Comparing to the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters of Chukotka, this mixed property represents the traditional lifestyle based on reindeer herding rather than marine hunting.

　　L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site World Heritage property (Canada, inscribed in 1978 in accordance with criterion (vi)), as an archaeological site of the 11^th century Viking settlement, represents the evidence of the first European presence in North America. Although the site has an analogical feature with the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters nominated property in terms of the representation of human adaptation to harsh climatic conditions, it is necessary to stress the difference between the sites in terms of chronology and geocultural context.

　　Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago World Heritage property (Norway, inscribed in 2004 in accordance with criterion (v)) as the evidence of traditional lifestyle based on fishing and bird harvesting in harsh climatic conditions from Stone Age (9^th century) onwards, has a similar features with the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters nominated property in terms of representation of man and nature interaction, sustainable use of natural resources, adaptation to harsh climatic conditions. However, the site represents other cultural tradition with different economics, tangible and intangible culture.

　　Agricultural Landscape of Southern Oland World Heritage property (Sweden, inscribed in 2000 in accordance with criteria (iv) and (v)) represents other model of human adaptation to natural constraints of the island. Although the site represents the continuous human settlement from Prehistoric period of the same chronology as the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters nominated property, the geocultural context of the sites differs significantly.

　　St Kilda World Heritage property (the United Kingdom, inscribed in 1986 in accordance with criteria (iii)(v)(vii)(ix)(x)) represents an uninhabited since 1930s archipelago, with over 2 000 years of human occupation in the context of the scarcity of natural resources. Built and field systems preserved here are representing the economy, which comparing to the Heritage of Artic Marine Hunters nominated property was based on the products of birds, agriculture and sheep framing.

　　The following sites included to the Tentative Lists of the State Parties to the World Heritage Convention were also studied within the framework of the comparative analysis with the following results:

　　The Large Stone Age Ruin of Kastelli at Pattijoki (Finland) cultural heritage site contains the remains of Stone Age buildings dated to 2000 BC, which could be associated with hunting traditions with more seasonal typology comparing to the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters of Chukotka cultural heritage site.

　　The Lofoten Islands (Norway) cultural heritage site has cultural monuments associated with the Prehistoric use of marine resources (mainly, fish) as well as with medieval cod fishing representing other economic base of lifestyle comparing to the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters of Chukotka nominated property.

　　The separate comparative analysis was conducted in relation to cultural heritage sites neither included to the World Heritage List nor to Tentative Lists. These sites selected for the comparative analysis are located at the same geocultural region as the nominated property, namely in Bering Strait Islands, Alaska and Canadian Arctic:  the abandoned settlements of the King’s Islands, Small Diomede and St. Lawrence, the coastal areas of Alaska.

　　Among the sites considered, the Ipiutak archaeological site at Point Hope in northwest Alaska, was found as the most prominent for the comparative analyzes. The archaeological site includes the remains of 575 semi-underground dwellings and 166 burials. The site has been intensively studied since late 1930-s, which provides various data for the comparative analysis as well as confirms the relation of the site with some stone processing and funeral rites found in archaeological sites in Siberia as well as craft traditions similar to East Asian archaeological sites. The findings once and again confirm the existing linkages between the population of Alaska and Chukotka over centuries and requires further studies of the origins of the Prehistoric Bering Sea and Ipiutak cultures as well as their interaction with other cultural traditions and possible polyethnic features of the Chukotka Artic Marine Hunters.

　　As regards the archaeological sites located in Russia and closely associated with hunting traditions (preliminarily, marine mammals), the comparative analysis included several sites situated in the coastal areas of Arctic and Pacific Oceans dated from the Neolithic to the 20^th century. The diversity of sites analyzed includes cultural heritage sites, burial grounds, worship sites, rock art sites of the Kola Peninsula and the Solovetsky Archipelago, the White Sea, Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, Ob, Taimyr, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea and ​​Okhotsk Sea. However, the comparative analysis revealed that as regards the geocultural and chronological context, the Prehistoric Eskimo archaeological sites of the Chukotka Peninsula are considered to be the closest to the nominated property. These sites include the well-known Whale Alley on Itygran Island, the settlements of Senlun, Enmylen, Nunligran, Syreniki, Chaplino, Inchoun, Paypelgak, Vankarem, Neshkan, the burial grounds at Cape Cheney, Yelen, Enmynytny and others. All the above-mentioned sites have a direct association with the component parts of Ekven, Nunak and Naukan and requires further long-term research. Therefore, the nominated property could be complemented by the above-mentioned archaeological sites in a long-term perspective.

It is necessary to highlight that the comparative analysis revealed few similarities between the Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters nominated property and several cultural heritage sites included either to the World Heritage List or to Tentative Lists. However, the specific combination of the values of the nominated property (encompassing the evidence of the unique cultural tradition, Arctic adaptation, sustainable hunting traditions, marine hunting, interaction of cultures in the junction of two continents) could not be found in the sites considered for the comparative analysis. The Heritage of Arctic Marine Hunters cultural heritage site represents an underrepresented alternative to the numerous cultural heritage sites reflecting European penetration to the North and focuses on the unique heritage of Eskimo people and the sustainable use of natural resources in harsh climatic conditions of Arctic.