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太和·世界古代文明保护论坛之古代文明的考古观察与丝路考古分论坛总结发言纪要

摘要: 2017年9月21日,为期三天的“太和·世界古代文明保护论坛”在故宫博物院落下帷幕。闭幕大会上,故宫博物院考古研究所所长李季所长为考古分论坛做了总结性发言。此次分论坛以“古代文明的考古观察与丝路考古”为主题,13位中外学者与会发言。发言内容主要分三个方面: 第一,丝绸之路上的古文明交流;第二,国际考古合作成果;第三,文化交流研究当今的社会意义。 一、丝绸之路上的古文明交流北京大学林梅村教授讲述了明

2017年9月21日,为期三天的“太和·世界古代文明保护论坛”在故宫博物院落下帷幕。闭幕大会上,故宫博物院考古研究所所长李季所长为考古分论坛做了总结性发言。

此次分论坛以“古代文明的考古观察与丝路考古”为主题,13位中外学者与会发言。发言内容主要分三个方面: 第一,丝绸之路上的古文明交流;第二,国际考古合作成果;第三,文化交流研究当今的社会意义。

一、丝绸之路上的古文明交流

北京大学林梅村教授讲述了明代吴门画派与《蒙古山水地图》的关系。一方面参考多种历史文献、地理图志,将《蒙古山水地图》所展示的地理范围与今天的实际环境相对应。另一方面,从明代吴门画家的身世背景、绘画风格推断很有可能《蒙古山水地图》为嘉靖初年画家谢时辰应官府要求所制作。北京大学王邦维教授以几处著名的古代文明遗址,包括今天的阿富汗巴米延,印度的阿旃陀、那烂陀以及今天吉尔吉斯的碎叶作为例证,介绍了《大唐西域记》等一批西去求法僧人对文化遗址的记录。这些文献在今天为我们讨论怎样保护世界古代文明遗产提供了宝贵的历史参照。北京大学李零教授比较了中国与近东、欧洲的几组传说中的瑞兽,从它们的外在特征到内涵寓意都做了深入浅出的分析,沟通了中西神话信仰体系上的交流。来自伊朗国家博物馆伊斯兰艺术馆的姬拉·摩赫内贾德馆长为中国学者带来了精炼的波斯艺术史汇总。从旧石器时期到卡扎尔王朝,波斯文明的几起几落,融合了来自东方、西方的不同文化。广东省博物馆魏峻馆长讲解了“南海I号”的打捞、保护过程,展现了水下遗产保护的一个成功范例。出水的瓷器、银锭、黄金制品更是如实反映了当时中国与海外的贸易状况。北京大学秦大树教授从不同国家古代文献的记载和商贸沿线地区各国沿海遗址的考古发掘资料、以及水下考古发掘沉船遗迹入手,分析了早期海上贸易(9-14世纪)为“中间港”式的贸易模式可能性,以及中国人在贸易分工中扮演的主要角色。故宫博物院王光尧研究馆员以陶瓷产品为出发点,结合历史文献与考古实物将陶瓷文化交流分为三个层次:最低层次为表象上的认知与对产品的直接接受阶段;第二层次的交流以掌握技术为目标的模仿与学习生产阶段;最高层次的交流则是达成对陶瓷本质上的共同理解,实现生产人员的流动。

七位学者从各自领域分别探讨了古代陆上与海上两条丝绸之路所连接的不同文明、文化之间的互动,内容既涵盖了从东方向西方的探索,也包括外来文明对东方的影响;不仅有具体实物例证,而且基于实物资料尝试还原海上世界贸易的历史。

二、国际考古合作成果

南京大学水涛教授介绍了自2015年起南京大学历史学院与伊朗北呼罗珊省考古与文物保护机构的考古勘探工作。该工作调查了伊朗东北部地区十几处新石器时代到青铜时代的土丘遗址,并于2016年在纳德瑞土丘进行了小规模的考古发掘。西北大学王建新教授介绍了西北大学在中亚天山地区的考古调查工作。从1999年开始,他所率领的团队从甘肃到新疆持续调查、发掘18年,初步确认古代月氏在中国境内的原居地应该是以东天山为中心的区域。自2009年起,该团队开始在西天山西端乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦境内进行考古调查,在萨扎干遗址发掘了属于古代康居文化的中小型墓葬10余座、大型墓1座。中国社科院考古学研究所李新伟研究员介绍了与洪都拉斯人类与历史研究所共同合作的玛雅科潘古城考古发掘工作。自2015年起,双方在科潘古城仅次于王宫建筑的8N-11号贵族居址进行发掘,揭示了该建筑在科潘王朝11到16王朝时期的发展变化,表现了当时玛雅社会贵族阶层的社会、经济和意识形态方面的变化发展。

3位学者与大家分享的中外考古合作成果包括但不限于古代丝绸之路的地理区域,不仅探索了古代文明的交流情况,更加谱写了现代跨国考古发掘、文物保护合作的新篇章。

三、文化交流研究当今的社会意义

雅昌文化集团万捷董事长讲解、演示了现代数字化技术在保护古代文明遗产方面的作用和前景。2015年,雅昌集团完成了包括布达拉宫在内的多座寺院壁画数据的采集工作。他们还利用VA、AR、360°全景技术等再现了博物馆展览,方便更多移动终端的浏览和传播。强大的文化艺术数据库不断丰富,成为对抗自然灾害、保护文化血脉一种有效的补救和风险防范措施。海航集团文化艺术顾问、海航新传媒集团有限公司副董事长杨浪先生通过介绍海航新传媒集团的企业文化建设,展示了一个从传统文化汲取养分转而服务当今社会的成功范例。

最后,故宫博物院原副院长李文儒研究馆员从故宫博物院自身发展的角度阐释了博物馆在承接传统与发扬现代公共文化之中的转承作用。博物馆作为文化传播的载体担负着人类认识传统,联系未来的重要职责。

3位学者从当代文化的不同角度共同阐释了今天社会对古代文明的保护、利用与弘扬。

各古代文明相互交流、融汇,形成今天的人类世界,当今社会又该如何认识这一历史过程,继承传统,如何指导未来的发展?面对这一系列命题,考古学可以为我们解开谜题奠定坚实的基础。考古学作为系统探究历史的科学,在重拾古代文明、理解历史文化传统的道路上所起到的作用愈加重要。这一学科正在成为当今世界共同研究人类文明的公认、公允的方法。本次太和论坛考古分论坛正是以这些问题为核心为国内外学者提供了一个探讨交流的机会。在交流讨论的过程中,我们不仅看到了考古学在重塑历史上的意义,更加深刻认识到考古学将在加强当下世界文化交流,古文明保护中发挥重要的作用。

Summary of Panel discussion of Archaeology on “Taihe Forum on Protecting the World’s Ancient Civilization”

On 12th September 2017, the three-day Taihe Forum on Protecting the World’s Ancient Civilization was successfully closed. The Panel Discussion of Archaeology of this forum was closed by Mr. Li Ji, the Director of the Institute of Archaeology of the Palace Museum, who concluded the academic outcomes of the discussions.

This panel discussion received 13 Chinese and international scholars, focusing upon the theme of Archaeological observationof the ancient civilizations and Archaeology of the Silk Road, which was consisted of three main parts: the inter-civilisations exchanges on the Silk Road, the contributions of collaborative international archaeology andthe contemporary significance of cultural exchange studies.

  1. Inter-Civilisations Exchanges on the Silk Road

Professor Lin Meicun from Peking University elucidated the relations between the Wu School painters and the map of “Scenes of Mongolia”. On one hand, he quoted many historical and geographic documents, inorder to compare the map with the real landscape in the Central Asia at the present-day. On the other hand, he suggested that this map can be dated tofirst reign year of Jiajing period (1521 AD), by introducing the Wu Schoolpainters’ background and techniques. Professor Lin argued that the map was inthe Wu School’s painting style, and further inferred that a Wu Schoolpainter, Xie Shichen, might the painter of the map “Scenes of Mongolia”.

Professor Wang Bangwei from Peking Universitypresented some ancient pilgrimage monastic records, such as the famedhistorical account of the Account of the Western Regions during theGreat Tang of Xuan Zang. Professor Wang emphasized the importance ofthese historical documents and why they are crucial to the protection works ofthe world’s ancient civilizations in nowadays, by presenting some recent fieldworks of the famous ancient Buddhist remains, including the sites of theBuddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, Ajanta Caves and Nalanda Monastery in India,Suyab in Kyrgyzstan. All these sites had been well claimed by these ancientpilgrimage monks of these historical documents.

Professor Li Ling from Peking University presented acomparative study of some different groups of the images of the auspiciousmonsters from the ancient legends in China, the Near East and Europe.Based on the external appearance and inner connotation of these images, hisanalyses explored the exchange system of the myths and beliefs in ancient Eastand West.

The Director of Islamic Era Museum in National Museumof Iran, Mme Jila Moghimnejad, introduced a short Iranian art history. Sheconcluded that, from Palaeolithic to Qajar Period, ancient Persia wasalways a frontier, which provided a gateway between the West and East.

Director Wei Jun of Guangdong Province Museumintroduced the salvage and protection of the Nanhai I shipwreck, as asuccessful example of underwater cultural heritage protection. Thearchaeological finds, such as porcelain wares, silver ingots and goldornaments, reveal the reality of ancient maritime trade between China and theouter world.

By presenting some historical documents in differentancient countries and the recent archaeological shipwreck projects, ProfessorQin Dashu from Peking University analysed the transshipment module ofearly maritime trade in the Indian Ocean (9th -14th centuriesAD). He also explained the role played by Chinese merchants in this maritimetrade.

According to the current ancient ceramic studies withhistorical accounts and archaeological materials, Mr. Wang Guangyao from thePalace Museum discussed the ancient ceramic cultural exchanges, and divided itinto three stages: the first stage was about the consumption of Chineseceramics based on ancient trade activities; the second stage became thetechnical learning based on the attempts of imitating Chinese ceramic products;the third stage was the substantial understanding of Chinese ceramics and itstechniques, based on the movement of craftsmen.

These seven scholars had separately discussed theancient communications and cultural variety of civilizations connected by bothland and maritime routes along the Silk Road. The concrete contents of this conference are mainly focusing upon the westward exploration and the cultural influence to the Orient. The archaeological outcomes not only have been richly presented, but also the ancient economic history has been reconstructed, based on these archaeological discoveries.

2. Contributionsof Collaborative International Archaeology

Professor Shui Tao from Nanjing University introducedthe archaeological collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics Preservation in North Khorasan Province of Iran, which started in 2015.In 2016, this program finished an expedition of more than ten Neolithic sitesin the north-eastern Iran and a small-scale excavation at Naderi Tepe in 2016.

Professor Wang Jianxin from Northwest University gavea talk about their surveys in the Tianshan Mountain in Central Asia. Since1999, his team has investigated and excavated in Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for 18 years. Their work has preliminarily confirmed the Rouzhi (Yuezhi) people’s residence, which was located in the Chinese borders inthe east area of Tianshan Mountain. In 2009, the team began the survey in thewest area of Tianshan Mountain in Uzbekistan and Tajikstan. At the azagan site, in the west of Smarqand, they excavated tensmall or middle-scale tombs and one large-scale tomb, which all belong to theKangju Culture.

Dr. Li Xinwei, the Researcher of the Institute of Archaeology, CASS, presented their collaboration with Honduras Institute ofAnthropology and History at the Maya City of Copan. Since 2015, the team fromboth sides has a joint-excavation of an aristocratic residence, the remains8N-11. This excavation reveals the change of the buildings from the 11th tothe 16th Dynasties of Copan Kingdom, and presents theevolution of society, economy and ideology of the ancient Maya.

These three presentations are all focusing upon the world archaeology beyond the traditional research scope of the Silk Road. Notonly they explored the communications among the ancient civilisations, but also opened up a new stage of the international partnership of archaeology and heritage conservation.

3. Contemporary Significance of Cultural Exchange Studies

Mr. Wan Jie, the chairman of Artron Art Group,explained and showed the application and future perspective of the digitization of ancient heritage protection. In 2015, a team from the Artron Art Group hascompleted the data collection of several temples’ frescoes, including the famedone from the Potala Palace. By using the computer technologies of virtualreality, augmented reality, panoramic displays and othertechnological measures, the team reconstructed a digital exhibition on cellphones, tablets and other mobile terminals, which is convenient for browsing and transmitting. It can be seen that the digitization of culture and arts isbecoming an efficient method to protect the cultural tradition and heritage from the natural disasters.

Mr. Yang Lang, the adviser of Culture and Arts on Hainan Airlines (HNA) and the vice-chair of HNA New Media Group Co.,Ltd., presented their construction of corporate culture, as a successful example of traditional culture nourishing nowadays society.

The last presentation was given by Research Fellow Li Wenru, the former vice-president of the Palace Museum, interpreted museums’obligation on inheriting traditions and on promoting modern public culture,from the perspective of the Palace Museum’s future development. As the carrier of cultural communication, the museums are having responsibilities to better understand the past and create the future.

From different standpoints of view these three lecturers argued the importance of the preservation, the utilization and thecarry-forward of ancient civilizations in nowadays society.

The ancient civilisations shared and exchanged the culture and knowledge with each other. They not only characterised the world in which we live today, but also remained many historical mysteries and questions to us, until now: how do we recognize our past, or keep our traditions? How do we use our past to guide the future?When facing these questions, we therefore turn to archaeology, which is one of the scientific methods to explore human past.It is true that archaeology is playing a rather important role to discover the value of ancient civilization, which is an ideal gateway to understand the historictraditions. This archaeological conference of the Taihe Forum built up aplatform, which allows Chinese and international scholars that can discussthese key questions together. During this Panel Discussion, we not only re-defined the value of the archaeology in terms of shaping historical significance, but also understood its scientific functionin terms of reinforcing today’s cultural communication and preserving ancient civilisation.

执笔/翻译:翟毅

图:冷含章

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