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Historic City of Harput

摘要: Justification of Outstanding Universal Value  Harput is located 5 km north-east of Elazığ city in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Historical Harput City is a settlement center built on important tr

Justification of Outstanding Universal Value

  Harput is located 5 km north-east of Elazığ city in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Historical Harput City is a settlement center built on important trade routes (silk road) with watery and fertile landscapes in Upper Euphrates Basin. Harput, which was established as a sheltered castle city on the rocks and overflowed out of the castle over time, has come forward as a culture and art city with educational institutions. XI. has developed with various cultures up to a hundred years and has brought a very rich and meaningful life style with the self-values brought by the Turks from Central Asia.

  For this reason, Harput is very rich in terms of cultural elements. It has taken its immortal place with its special features in our national culture with its historical buildings, customs, traditions and customs, ceremonies, folk songs and folklore, folk medicine, traditional handicrafts and folk dances that reflect public experience.

  Criterion (iii): Harput has been one of the important settlement centers of Anatolia since the first era, especially Urartu, afterwards Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuks, Emirates and Ottomans. The monumental constructions that the civilization, which had dominated the region, had built as a significant cultural heritage day by day. The most important of these are; Founded in May 2016; Harput relief, Harput inner castle, Roman Rock tombs, Mary main church, Harput Ulu mosque, Sare Hatun mosque. It is located 500 meters east of the castle in 2016, With the relief dated to the end of the 3rd millennium, the central settlement date of Harput was over four thousand years old. According to current historical sources, the oldest inhabitants of Harput are the Hurrilers who settled in Eastern Anatolia from 2000 BC. After the hurries, the region entered the Hittite domination. It was named as the Isuwa region during the Hittites period. In the inscription of the Hattusha period I, the idea that the site referred to as Henzuta City was probably Harput was accepted. After the Hittite domination BC. IX. Urartuians, which established the state in Eastern Anatolia since the 19th century, ruled for a long time in Harput. Today, the Inner Fort of Harput carries traces of the Urartu period. There are stairs carved into the rock, tunnels and cells, waterways, military equipment, daily life tools in the castle. A.D. From the 1st century until the 3rd century, we see that the Romans remain in political and military influence. A.D. III. Century. From the time of Emperor Dioclatianus, the Harput region was completely connected to the Roman Empire. The first period of Byzantine domination in Harput ran into the middle of the fourth century. We see that the Arabs captured Harput and its surroundings towards the middle of the fourth century. Harput ran into the ninth century, the second time in the Byzantine rule. In the Byzantine history, Harput is called "Harpote" very close to today's discourse. In fact, the Harput region is also called "Mesopotamia". Byzantine domination in Harput continued until about the end of the eleventh century.

  The tomb monuments belonging to the Ahi organization in Harput belonging to the Ahi fathers are also meant to indicate that the system can be implemented to the desired extent. This systematic economic, political and social life has made "Culture", the name given to the whole of material and spiritual things, an understandable and continuously developing field. The cultural interaction that has emerged as an indispensable element of a social life has made it possible to reinforce itself with various organizations in communities living in centers with deeply rooted backgrounds such as Harput, creating a living, visible, tangible network of relationships.

  Criterion (iv): Harput was originally established as a castle settlement on a ridge surrounded by craggy cliffs for the purpose of protection and defense during the periods of war, invasion and confusion. It can also be described as a natural castle consisting of a large limestone block. This castle, which emerged in the Urartu era as a castle city with its original style, became one of the most fortunate castles of the region and, as mentioned before, has been preserved for a long time and served as a trade center. Harput Castle has been a permanent residence by hosting Urartu, Byzantine, Artukids, Seljuks and Ottoman state. The existence of an Ottoman Quarter built in the 17th century is known and there are water cisterns, dungeons, inner fortress mosques, magnificent remains belonging to the Artuklu Palace, hidden tunnels that allow passage to the outside. Lehmann Haupt gives information about someone in these secret tunnels in his book. One of the secret passages provides connection between the castle and the Church of the Virgin Mary, while the other writes in historical sources that provide links between the Castle Bath and the Inner Castle. The dungeon in the castle was built in 1123 by Belek Gazi, the King of Jerusalem II. It is known that Boudouin captured a large number of Counts and Knights.

  In May 2016, a relief found during the afforestation work in the field called the Harputta Nevroz Forests, the history of Harput known in BC. He has gone to 2200 years. In May 2016, in the area called the Nevroz Forests in Harput, a relief found during the afforestation work, the known history of Harput, He has gone to 2200 years. In the work called Harput relief, a storytelling expression style is used. In the relief, the main subject is depicted as the conquest of a fortress and the arrival of prisoners before the king. The relief, measuring 2.72 x 2.42, was processed on a local sandstone rock. In the middle of the embossment separated by the horizontal bands are depicted the burning of the tower with a wheeled tower approaching the city walls. In the relief, it has been observed that the principle of general movement is from the left to the right, while the prisoners brought to the top of the king are opposite in the scene. In addition, another highlight of the relief is the figure of the goddess, which is similar to the head of the Egyptian Pharaohs, with two naked figures on his head, the legs of which have been twisted with their legs raised by pressing their feet. At the outermost of these scenes, there are two figures on a river that go boating, which reinforces the idea that the conquered castle may be located on the edge of a river. Excavation work was initiated by the Elazığ Museum Directorate with the discovery of the relief. In the studies conducted, it was determined that the area where the brick was removed had a heavy fire. In addition, the presence of the Middle Bronze Age (BC2500-2000) pottery in this area revealed the presence of a strong political authority in Harput at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Another important cultural asset of Harput is Harput Ulu Mosque. Today, worship is still open. It is possible to date from 1156-57 / 1165-66 on the way to a tax levy located in the north of the courtyard with no construction book. It is an important artifact with the brick minarets standing still despite the 7 degree angle of inclination and the fact that the open Selcuks of the Great Seljuks are one of the first examples in Anatolia. The unfinished bricks are assembled in various forms, and this structure is seen in the minarets of the minarets and unique ornaments made with a very subtle pleasure in the body. It has been proven by recent research that it is more oblique with a slope ranging from 3.5 to 7 degrees from the famous Pisa tower, which is known all over the world and attracts millions of tourists. Evliya Çelebi wrote about the great mosque in his travels; Ulu Mosque is big and beautiful mosque. There is a minaret of worship and a place of artistic and genre-style. "Famous German traveler and archaeologist Lehman said about this inscription: "There is an inscription written in the mosque's courtyard with a küfi (ancient kufi writing). This inscription is Fahreddin Karaaslan.

  Harput has hosted many civilizations for thousands of years, embracing many different dynetics with tolerance. One of the best examples of this is the Virgin Mary Church which is still active today. The Mother Mary's Church, Harput, is located south of the inner road leading to the shrine under the eastern fortification walls. The church is one of the oldest Christian churches in Anatolia, and the year of construction is shown as M.S 179. Before the Mother Mary was built in the neighborhood of Harput, Harput was the center of Katakom's first gathering place of Christianity.The story of the construction of Mary's main church is also really different. Abgar kingdom, Urfa, Diyarbakir, Harput regions have been operating in the geography. This kingdom is surrounded by the Persians in the west, the Roman state in the east, the buffer zone is established and its activities are not obstructed so much that the kingdom is prepared to move in a comfortable manner. The pilgrims, who were pagans in the beginning, moved away from these ideas with the coming of the Prophet Jesus. In 32 BC, Abgar king V. Abgar Hz. He began to correspond with Jesus and wanted to cure him for his illness. This situation caused the Abgars to abandon the paganism completely and accept the Christianity. The first kingdom to accept Christianity is known as the Kingdom of Abgar. M.S. In 179, the Abgar Kingdom assembled in Harput with the Syriac community and founded the Church of the Virgin Mary. Today the church is reached by descending from the main road by stairs. The entrance of the church is a low and small structure which was later added to the northern wall. This small structure contains some reclamation materials. The north wall of the church is partly based on rocks and the western wall is carved into natural rock. The plan lies on the east-west axis. In the east direction there is a 3 divisional aps. The Church of the Virgin Mary is still active today and serves the Assyrian community. Besides, it is known that the doors of everybody who is looking for healing are open because the view that the church is healing some mental health diseases is common. Every year on 15th August Asdvadzadzin (the celestial ascension) celebration is celebrated in the church with a great ceremony.

  Criterion (vi): The beginning of Divan poetry in Harput is based on Hasan Burhaneddin-i Cihangiri born in 1563. Another important personality Harput raised is the poet Rahmi. He is also known as Rahmi-i Harputi or Rahmi Hodja. Rahmi, who was born in 1802 in the country village, saw the medrese treasure in Diyarbakir, Antep and Kayseri together with Kaside-i Bürde poet Ömer Naimi Efendi. Among the 47 poetry Divan poets we have found are Kanbalak-zade Hazmi and Rahmi, and Divani have a well-organized Divan. In Harput, we need to relate to the reason for the continuation of the tradition of Divan poetry, to the excess of the cultural level of the people of the region and to the future in the field of science. Because, since ancient times, people who are dependent on the excesses of the masses here are spreading to the Ottoman geography and taking nose that they are working on every side, we come to the conclusion that Harput is a scientific and cultural center. Acting on the fact that the Divan poetry style flourishes in culture, life and science, we find over forty poets in Harput and his airy who bring the poetry of the Divan poetry style and its rules. It is known that these literary and poetry poems which are known as "High Class, Divan, Havas, Classical Literature, Palace Literature" which keep their existence in Turkish Literature in their own way for more than six hundred years and continue to survive in accordance with the rules today, it is a matter. The poets of Harput and Harput, who have an important place in the field of Divan poetry in the eastern side of this literature, have also performed their arts and exhibited their works and continued this tradition in their own fields. Harput is certainly the most unique of traditional folk dances, Çayda Çıra. Çıra çıra folklore; At weddings and henna nights, it is a game played absolutely and in time, completely identified with Elazığ region. Together with the handling of the candles held in the plate, mixed groups of women and men dressed in local costumes perform this game by keeping up with the tempos of music. When the game is played, the Çayda Çıra song is also sung.

  In addition to the folk dances, Harput is also a cultural event that is peculiar to Kürsübaşı tradition. Kürsubasi events have created a kind of social environment for the people of Harput in the long winter nights. Housewives gathered around the Kürsübaşı Circle were telling stories, legends, stories, chants and singings in long winter nights. Located in the middle of the living room floor, the lectern heads are 30-60 cm in size. The central part of the structure is hollow and the room is heated with charcoal placed in this pit. Coals burned in the open air or in the cooking hobs are covered with ashes to make them effective for a long time when brought to the Kürsübasi. It is known that the environment is heated in this way for 4-5 hours according to the weather conditions. Households and guests, often gathered on the rostrum, warmed up this way during snowy winter nights. The tradition of Kürsübasi, unique to Harput, entered UNESCO World Abstract Cultural Assets List in October 2010.


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