片治肯特古城Ancient Penjikent

2019-12-17 21:46| 发布者: IICC| 查看: 837| 评论: 0

塔吉克斯坦片治肯特古城Ancient PenjikentName of individual Silk Roads component part: Ancient PenjikentBrief description of the object-component:The town of Ancient Penjikent consists of an arch with three belts of fortifications, shakhristan, enclosed by a fortress

塔吉克斯坦片治肯特古城Ancient Penjikent

彭吉肯特古城遗址位于塔吉克斯坦彭吉肯特市东南1.5公里泽拉夫善河南岸台地上，西距撒马尔罕68公里。该城始建于公元5世纪，繁荣于七八世纪之交，722年部分毁于阿拉伯人人侵而迅速衰落，760年全部毁废。自1946年起，先后由苏联考古学家A.Ko.雅库博夫斯基和A.M.别列尼茨基主持发掘。古城由防卫性质的城堡、围以城墙的内城和作为商业、手工业区的外城以及南郊墓地组成（图一八）。

城堡位于遗址西部，底部略呈方形，边长约130米，外围有墙三重，其内建有宫殿和供瞭望的望楼。其附近有暗堡，暗堡内曾发现壁画和粟特文书。城堡与内城之间通过吊桥相连接。内城位于城堡东面临河台地上，面积约22万平方米，形状不规则，东西边长约490、南北边长约450米。周围建有高大的围墙，均为公元5世纪所筑。墙上筑有椭圆形望楼，在重要部分修建有通往城墙上的马道。东、南、西三面城墙用生土坯、草泥修建，北面为陡崖，主城门位于南城墙中部。

城内由纵横交错的街道划分成一个个街坊，包含大广场、祆教神庙、贵族宅邸、作坊等图二一彭吉肯特古城出土陶棺建筑遗迹，布局基本清楚，大致结构仍可辨识。建筑均由夯实的黏土或泥砖垒砌，房屋屋顶用泥砖砌成拱顶或为木结构，土坯规格为50x25x10厘米。大广场位于内城东北部，面积约1万平方米，原顶部封闭，由大量木柱支撑，广场及周边发现有水池、葡萄酒作坊等遗迹。在广场西侧，揭露出两座大型建筑遗址群（图一九〉。该建筑群是古代康居人的神庙遗迹，两座神庙南北比邻，东向，均由东西三进的门廊、大殿和“至圣所”（一间除祭祀外任何人都不得人内的密室）组成。南侧神庙发现的壁画内容以宗教仪式为主，北侧神庙发现的壁画以与康居的葬仪有关的题材为中心。两座神庙中都有壁宴，龛内曾放置泥塑像，可惜都未保存下来。公元6世纪开始出现二层楼，8世纪甚至出现了三层楼，并且房屋规模更大。在神庙对面发掘的一处由许多单独的房屋群组成的住宅区，多为两层甚至三层的草泥、土坯砌筑的建筑。每组建筑群都有一个正厅，天花板由四根华丽的雕柱支撑。大约有1/3的房屋内墙上绘满生活气息浓厚的壁画。除了贵族住宅之外，在一间房屋中还发现了数座炼铁炉、几件风箱的鼓风管和铸范等。城内用水由沟渠从山溪中引来泉水，在城内发现有引水的陶管（图二〇）。

外城的农庄位于内城以东，分布于灌溉渠道两岸。墓地位于古城以南3-4公里。死者按照祆教习俗，将肌肉与骨骸分开，肌肉扔给野兽或狗，遗骨则用“阿斯托坦”（饰有纹饰的长方形陶棺）盛放，置于草泥或土坯砌筑的房形“纳乌斯”中（图二一、二二），随葬器物包括器皿、钱币、戒指、手镯等。

该城址经过60余年的发掘，出土了大量壁画、泥塑和木雕等艺术遗存以及陶器、石器、铁器等生产和生活工具，陶器有罐、盆、钵、壶、杯等（图二三￣二九）。

壁画题材以各种宗教仪式、神话传说、贵族和武士宴饮场面以及美女、妖魔和神怪等为主，有的壁画还带有题记（图三〇）。泥塑形象包括人物、海怪、蛇和鱼等形象，可能和水神或泽拉夫善河河神的祭祀与崇拜有关。其人物形象的造型手法具有古典写实艺术的特点，构图模式受到印度笈多王朝时期艺术风格影响。在出土的木雕中有与真人高度几乎相等的木雕女像，具有印度教塑像的写实风格，洋溢着浓厚的生活气息。总的来说，古代彭吉肯特艺术的内容和风格，反映了其与中亚其他城市以及中国、伊朗、印度等地的相互影响与融合。

遗址目前保存相对较好，苏联时期曾经对神庙建筑群等进行保护和修复，主要使用草拌泥等与原建筑材料相近的原料，效果持久，成本低廉。彭吉肯特古城遗址是塔吉克斯坦粟特时期重要的古城遗址，对研究粟特的历史、政治、经济和文化艺术具有重要意义。

1. Name of individual Silk Roads component part: Ancient Penjikent

Brief description of the object-component:

The town of Ancient Penjikent consists of an arch with three belts of fortifications, shakhristan, enclosed by a fortress wall and a necropolis. It belongs to the V - VIII cc. AD. The palace complex had a stateroom, amenity and residential buildings. A large throne hall (250 m2) and three almost equally sized halls belonged to the stateroom. The central part of shakhristan was occupied by two temples with a similar layout. Its main part is an extensive residential area with shops, stalls etc. The two-and three-storied houses made of mud brick and pakhsi were located inside of the city. There were ground-building burial vaults - nauses with ossuary graves, also known as burial in the hum, the graves in the city cemetery. In 722 the town was captured and burned by the Arabs. The outstanding feature of the Ancient Penjikent is its monumental art - wall painting, volume and relief sculpture of wood and clay.

Statement of authenticity and/or integrity of the individual component property

The studies of the site have been conducted from 1938. The site is considered as the cultural heritage of national importance. The staff of Penjikent historical and cultural conservancy under The Science Academy of the Republic of Tajikistan, (established in 14/04/1974) is responsible for the protection of the site. The total area of the site is 23 hectares.

Comparison of the Silk Roads component property: why selected against SoOUV (including explanation of why other similar sites not selected

The Penjikent arch looks like Varkhash arch in plans.
The clearest feature of the ancient town Penjikent is its monumental art, which is preserved better to a greater extent than in other monuments of Central Asia. The variety of subjects Penjikent painting surpasses all that is known in other monuments. It is characterized by ornamental, brightness, special beauty canon, ethnography of details transmission.

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