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唐县高昌墓地发掘报告
摘要: 唐县高昌墓地发掘报告作者: 南水北调中线干线工程建设管理局 / 河北省南水北调工程建设委员会办公室 / 河北省文物局出版社: 文物出版社出版年: 2010-10页数: 412定价: 260.00元丛书: 南水北调中线一期工程文物保护项目河北省考古发掘报告ISBN: 9787501030361内容简介 · · · · · ·An Excavation Report on Gaochang Cemetery(Abstract)The "South - ...
唐县高昌墓地发掘报告作者: 南水北调中线干线工程建设管理局 / 河北省南水北调工程建设委员会办公室 / 河北省文物局
出版社: 文物出版社
出版年: 2010-10
页数: 412
定价: 260.00元
丛书: 南水北调中线一期工程文物保护项目河北省考古发掘报告
ISBN: 9787501030361
内容简介 · · · · · ·
An Excavation Report on Gaochang Cemetery
(Abstract)
The "South -to- North Water Diversion Project" is another
large -scale hydraulic engineering work following the "Three
Gorgeous Projects" , and also another startling move of Chinese
government. The archaeological work, which coordinates with this
project, has become an urgent and arduous task for the three
provinces and one city along the line.
In the summer of 2002, from the end of 2003 to the beginning
of 2004, and during the autumn season of the same year, Hebei
Province -acting in concert with the water project -successively
launched three archaeological investigation, exploration and
primary excavation work, eventually fixing on 114 sites with
abundant remaining relics. On the basis of importance and
preservation conditions, all these sites were classified into "A,
B, C, D" four levels as requested, among which Gaochang cemetery
was designated as Level B.
Lasting from May 11, 2005 to September 30, the exploration
and excavation work at Gaochang cemetery was completed to explore
an area of 5000 square metres, 131 tombs. Among all these tombs,
there are 7 earthen - shafts of the Warring States Period, 92
earthen - shafts of the Western Han Dynasty, 20 brick - chambered
tombs of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, 6 were from the
Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, one from the Song Dynasty,
one earthen - shaft of the Qing Dynasty, and four unknown tombs,
unearthing more than 700 sets of numbered funeral objects such as
pottery, copper, iron, agate , porcelain, bone, glass, paint,etc.
All the relevant information of the 131 excavated tomb are covered
by this report.
The report consists of three parts: Part I is an overview;
Part 11 is the tombs' information;Part m is a preliminary study.
The first part is divided into three chapters, each depicting the
general situation of the cemetery and the working methods,
profiles, contents as well as the collation and compilation of
materials, etc. Part 11 starts with the tombs' era as a
framework, then recounts them one by one in the order from small
to big serial numbers. Each tomb, whether robbed or not, relies on
raw material as its basis, then goes through indoor collation of
materials and restoration and checking of objects, and then
respectively depicted according to each tomb' s position, time of
excavation, status quo of its preservation, filling' s color and
composition,the tomb' s structure, the positions of coffins,
bones, burial objects and the features of every burial object.
Generally, each tomb has an attached profile, some of them also
has photos. Burial objects has attached outline drawings based on
the tombs, the better and more intact one is the choice from the
same items.
Part III of preliminary study involves seven chapters:
cemetery overview; tombs' structure and the combination of burial
objects; burial objects, decorative pottery of the Warring States
Period and the Han Dynasty ; co - burial of different graves among
the earthen - shafts of the Westeru Han Dynasty ; the transition
from earthen - shafts to brick - chambered tombs ; the tombs' era
and the owner' s speculation.
"Cemetery overview" summarizes how the tombs of different
periods surround a rock mound,meanwhile generalizes the main
burial customs. In the order of time periods, the chapter of
"tombs' structure and the combination of burial objects" concludes
the characteristics of tombs'struture, respectively from the
filling, tombs' direction and size, tombs' furniture, skeleton,
the combination of burial objects, etc. The conclusion, which is
about the features of 92 earthen - shafts of the Western Han
Dynasty, is particularly detailed. It divides the pottery of the
burial objects into 7 combinations, among which the gallipots or
the daily combination of gallipots and pottery bowls are the most
common. The chapter of "burial objects" - also in the order of
time - generalizes the burial objects of all periods, roughly
describing according to such classifications as pottery, copper,
iron, pewter, jade, glass, bone, lacquer, etc. The 7 tombs of the
Warring States Period and the 112 of the Western and Eastern Han
Dynasties vary greatly on the number and variety of burial
objects, as a result, independent forms of narrations are adopted.
The pottery is divided for their types and forms based on the
traditional method, each one is marked with the unearthed number
as well as the general characteristic of its type and form,
moreover, each form is marked with the number of tombs containing
such items, and descriptive examples are also provided.
Chapter four of "decorative pottery of the Warring States
Period and the Han Dynasty" summarizes how the items were molded
and the main shapes of their various parts as well as the main
decoration methods and ornamental patterns. Furthermore, this
chapter also provides description along with drawings of rubbings
for the main patterns, such as whirling mark (旋纹), cord mark,
chequer, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹), nail
pattern, dancette and the combination of whirling mark (旋纹),
fret pattern, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹),
chequer, cord mark; the combination of whirling mark (旋纹), cord
mark,short - string pattern, the combination of whirling mark (旋
纹), cord mark, impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹). The "
impressed complex of looped cord (绳圈印纹) " and its combination
are rare patterns, which not only can decorate but also locate the
'" ear" and the handle of an item. It' s one of the unique
patterns that prevailed in certain areas during the Han Dynasty.
The chapter - " co - burial of different graves among the
earthen - shafts of the Western Hart Dynasty" - cites the 34
tombs of Western Han Dynasty of Gaochang cemetery as concrete
demonstrations, every two tombs make up a group and are side by
side, which clarifies the prevalent "husband and wife buried
together" during the earthen - shafts period. This chapter also
expounds that the idea of " male superiority" almost dominated the
whole class society of China, the idea is also reflected in the
burial position of men and women due to their different social
status." Right is superior, left is inferior" - such idea was
widespread, especially in the Warring States Period and the Han
Dynasty, in line with this idea, the social reality of "male left,
female right"when burying has come into being in most of the
areas.
Another significant accomplishment of the excavation in
Gaochang Cemetery is the transition from earthen -shafts to brick
-chambered tombs, by analyzing several tombs of special styles of
this particular period such as brick - framed tombs and also brick
- framed ones with flat tops, for the first time, however, this
article has clearly claimed that such styles were of popularity in
certain areas during the transition period from earthen - shafts
to brick - chambered tombs. They still maintained the structure
of wooden coffin of the earthen - shafts period, at the same time
adopted brick frames and flat tops, even without evident tomb
doors and passage ways, they are much more primitive than brick-
spanned tops and domed tops of mature periods.
The last chapter involves the tombs' era and the owner' s
speculation, by making contrasts between tombs of major periods
and recently - published materials on the same period, then
leading to inference about the tombs' relative times, with
particularly detailed classification on the most tombs of Han
Dynasty according to different time periods. Based on the above -
mentioned analysis about the structure of tombs and conclusions
about the combination of burial objects as well as their types and
forms, meanwhile taking the unearthed coins into consideration,
this chapter divides the tombs of Han Dynasty into five periods:
the early Western Han Dynasty, the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the
late Western Han Dynasty, the end of Western Han Dynasty to the
early Eastern Han Dynasty, the middle and late Eastern Han
Dynasty.