深度阅读
联合国教科文组织“蜀道”价值评估
一、基本信息
中国
China
申报日期：2015年1月30日
Date of Submission：30/01/2015
符合标准：(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)(vii)(x)
Criteria：(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)(vii)(x)
申报类型：混合遗产
Category：Mixed
提交单位：
Submitted by：
中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会
National Commission of the People's Republic of China for UNESCO
遗产所在州、省、地区：
State, Province or Region：
四川省属地：广元、巴中、绵阳、德阳、南充、达州;
Sichuan Province, Prefectures：Guangyuan, Bazhong, Mianyang, Deyang, Nanchong and Dazhou;
坐标：N32 11 13 E105 32 11
Coordinates：N32 11 13 E105 32 11
编号：5994
Ref.：5994
图源：刘庆柱、王子今《中国蜀道》第一卷交通线路
二、描述
Description
蜀道位于大巴山和秦岭的南部，是连接中国中部和西南山区的古老道路系统，已有2300多年的历史，其特色是在四川北部险峻的山脉中蜿蜒曲折。遗产路线系统以及与之相关的各种历史城镇、道教/佛教寺庙和其他文化遗迹，深深嵌入周围壮丽的丘陵景观中，这些景观也是大熊猫、羚牛、绿尾虹雉、小熊猫、大鲵等具有全球意义的非凡生物多样性的家园。这一遗产是中国文化与恶劣山地环境共同进化的反映，也是数千年来人们对多种自然系统的适应和互动的记录。
遗产总面积3627平方公里，其中缓冲区2840平方公里。
Lying in the South of Daba and Qinling Mountains, Shudao, the ancient road system connecting Central and mountainous Southwest China for more than 2,300 years, is featured by its marvellous paths wriggling in the precipitous mountains in Northern Sichuan. The heritage route system, together with a variety of associative historical towns, Taoism/Buddhism temples, and other cultural relics, are deeply imbedded in the surrounding magnificent hilly landscapes which are also home to extraordinary biodiversity of global significance including giant panda, takin and Chinese Monal, red panda, giant salamander. The property is a reflection of coevolution of Chinese cultures with harsh mountain environment, and a record of people’s adaptation to and interactions with diversified natural systems in thousands of years.
Total area of the property is 3,627 k㎡, including 2,840 k㎡ as its buffer zone.
三、突出的普遍价值
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
标准(ii)：长江与黄河文明文化交流与交融的杰出典范
千百年来，蜀道连接了中国南方的长江文明和北方的黄河文明两大文明，见证了中印两国的历史文化和良好交流，留下了珍贵的物质文化遗迹，包括悬崖碑刻、历史城镇和各种古建筑，代表了公元前4世纪以来的一系列文化发展。
Criterion (ii)：An outstanding example of cultural exchange and acculturation between Yangtze and Yellow River civilizations
Over millennia, ShuDao linked China’s two major civilizations：Yangtze Civilization in South and Yellow River Civilization in North, and has witnessed the historical culture and good exchange between China and India, leaving behind exceptional material cultural remains including cliff inscriptions, historical towns, and various ancient buildings which represent a series of cultural development since 4th Century B.C.
标准(iii)：古代快递路线系统的独特证据
蜀道是中国古代驿传路线系统中最困难的部分，是通往中国西南最偏远地区的主要甚至是唯一通道，在2300多年的国家形成和统一过程中发挥了至关重要的作用。古时的驿站亭、驿站、门关，以及保存完好的古道段，构成了已经消失的历史文化制度的鲜明证据——中华帝国的古代驿传路线体系。
Criterion (iii)：a distinctive evidence of ancient courier route system
As the most difficult part of ancient China’s courier route system to deliver governmental and civil posts, ShuDao was the major or even the only access to the China’s most remoteness territories in the Southwest, and played crucial role in formation and unification of the nation for over 2300 years. The ancient post pavilions, stores, stations, gate passes of a variety of ages, as well as sections of well-preserved ancient roads constitute a distinctive evidence of the disappeared historical cultural institution-the ancient courier route system of China Empires.
标准(iv)：古代山地道路建设技术的杰出代表
在崎岖的丘陵地形上铺设复杂的道路，在危险的悬崖上建造木板小径，这些都是古代交通技术的杰出展示。蜀道沿路有成千上万棵中国柏树，这是一种被大多数中国人崇拜的神圣而巨大的植物，仍然荫蔽着来往的旅客。柏树廊道沿山脊向下延伸至山谷，全长200多公里，其中许多树木树龄超过1000年，树干直径超过2米，形成了中国山地乡村独特的可视性文化景观。
Criterion (iv)：a distinguished representative of ancient technologies for road construction in mountain landscapes
The sophisticate road paving in rugged hilly landscapes and the delicate methods in building plank paths along the face of scary cliffs are the remarkable demonstrations of ancient transportation technologies. Along the road are tens of thousands Chinese cypress trees, a sacred and huge plant worshiped by most of Chinese, still shadow the passengers. The cypress corridor spread up on the ridges and down to valleys for over 200km, with many of the trees aged more than 1000 years’old and trunk diameters over 2m, shaping a distinguished visible cultural landscape characteristic to mountainous rural China.
标准(vi)：与重大历史事件、思想和文学作品有直接和有形联系
蜀道打开了中国广袤的西南山区的大门，这里曾经因秦岭和大巴山的阻隔而与世隔绝。它与中国历史上重大的军事、社会、文化和经济事件直接相关，包括秦朝时期（公元前221-206年）和三国时期（公元220-280年）的统一战争，明清（公元16 -17世纪）的大规模人口移民，并留下了大量的文学作品，其中许多作品仍然被颂扬并铭刻在民族的集体记忆中。因此，蜀道不仅对中国文明的发展具有重要意义，而且对现代亚洲文化多样性的创造也做出了贡献。
Criterion (vi)：directly and tangibly associated with major historical events, ideas and literature works
ShuDao opened China’s vast mountainous Southwestern territories to outside, where was once isolated and inaccessible due to obstruction of Qinling and Daba Mountains. It directly associated with major historical military, social, cultural and economic events, including the unification wars in Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.) and the Three Kingdoms (220-280 A.D.)，the massive population immigrations in Ming and Qing Dynasty (16th-17th Century A.D.), leaving behind numerous literature works with many of them still eulogized and inscribed in the nation’s collective memories. With these, ShuDao was not just important to the development of China’s civilization, but also contribute to the creation of cultural diversity in modern Asia.
标准(vii)：包含具有特殊自然美景和美学重要性的地区
该遗产包含了喀斯特、丹霞、地堑盆地和背斜地貌等壮观的自然景观。古道蜿蜒曲折，文化元素巧妙地融入自然之美中。与南方喀斯特景观相比，光雾山巨大的喀斯特峰群和陡峭的U形山谷被茂密的水青冈森林覆盖，加上春天空中悬挂的瀑布和云雾景观中的彩色杜鹃花，使该地区成为世界上最令人惊叹的红叶景观，特别是在秋季时节。
Criterion (vii)：contain areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance
The proposed property contains a combination of spectacular natural landscapes of karst, Danxia, graben basin, and anticline landforms. With the ancient routes twists up and down, the cultural elements are subtly integrated in natural beauty. Comparing to the South China Karst, the enormous karst peak clusters and steep U shape valleys in Guangwu are exceptionally covered by dense Fagus forests, together with springs, waterfalls hanging on the sky and the colourful rhododendron flowers in misty landscapes, making the area the world’s most astonishing red leave scene especially in autumn.
标准(x)：包含具有全球意义的特别生物多样性
该遗产区已被认定为具有全球意义的生物多样性保护重点区域（即长江流域核心区、世界自然基金会（WWF）认定的200个生态区之一、国际自然基金会（CI）认定的中国西南山地生物多样性热点、中国政府认定的重要生态功能区）。一共包含19个保护区，生活着许多濒危野生动物，如大熊猫，羚牛，绿尾虹雉，小熊猫，大鲵等。唐家河的野生动物密度被认为是世界上最高的。此外，它也是曾经广泛分布在世界各地的水青冈物种的家园。欧洲和北美只剩下一种，而这里是世界上45%的水青冈物种的避难所，所有这些物种都是中国特有的。它还拥有世界上最大的原始水青冈森林（超过15,000公顷），是世界上唯一的水青冈占主导地位的森林栖息地。
Criterion (x)：Containing extra-ordinary biodiversity of global significance
The property area has been recognised as the key area for biodiversity conservation with Global significance (i.e., core area of Yangtze River Basin, one of the 200 eco-regions recognised by WWF, Southwest China Mountains Biodiversity Hotspot recognized by CI，and important ecological function zone recognized by China Government). It contains 19 protected areas, and is inhabited by a number of endangered wildlife like giant panda, takin, Chinese Monal, red panda, giant salamander. The population density of wild takin in Tangjiahe is believed to be the highest in the world. In addition, it is also the home of Fagus species of the world, a relic genus once disjunctively distributed around the world. With only one species left in Europe and North America respectively, the property has been the sanctuary of the world’s 45% Fagus species, all of them are endemic to China. It also contains the world’s largest primitive Fagus forest (over 15,000 ha), and is the only habitat of Fagus pashanica dominated forest in the world.
四、真实性和/或完整性报告
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
文化遗产：
主要文物是国家级或省级“重点文物保护单位”，其真实性和完整性经过严格的标准检测。部分构件在2008年地震中受损，随后在“修旧如旧”的原则下进行了修复，并详细记录了修复方法和过程。
Cultural Heritage：
Major cultural components of the property are national or provincial level“key cultural relics protection unites”, and their authenticity and/or integrity were tested strictly with due criteria. Some of the components were impaired due to the earthquake in 2008, and were then restored under principle of “no change of original status”, with detailed documentation of the methodologies and process.
自然遗产：
该遗产覆盖的面积足够大，包括濒危物种的栖息地、生态系统，以及维持生物过程完整性和维护景观价值所必需的集水区/流域。
Natural Heritage：
The property covers an area large enough to include the habitats of endangered species, ecosystems, as well as the catchments/watersheds necessary to sustain the integrity of biological processes and to maintain the values of landscapes.
五、与其他同类型遗产比较
Comparison with other similar properties
共有31处混合遗产被列入《世界遗产名录》，其中中国有4处（泰山、黄山、峨眉山-乐山和武夷山），此外，世界各地还有一些能够与这一提名遗产相媲美的混合遗产，如澳大利亚的卡卡杜国家公园、阿尔及利亚沙漠的塔西利-恩-阿耶、危地马拉森林中的古玛雅文明蒂卡尔国家公园、西班牙地中海的伊比萨岛等。蜀道在中国是特殊的，因为它反映了中国古代的文化适应过程，以及它在交通和文化交流方面的多功能。它包含了一系列的文化遗迹（例如，沿着危险悬崖修建的古代驿传路线系统，历史古城镇以及雄关城门，文化景观，不包括宗教寺庙或雕像），记录了中国2300多年来形成和发展的历史。该遗产位于亚热带与温带之间、东部低地与西部高原之间的过渡地带，其特点是极其丰富的山地生物多样性，不同山地地貌的组合，以及令人惊叹的红叶景观之美，为人类与自然环境的互动与共存提供了一个理想而杰出的例子。
31 mixed heritage sites are inscribed on the World Heritage List, among them, four are in China (Taishan, Huangshan, Emei-Leshan, and Wuyishan), in addition to several other mixed heritage sites around the world which would be comparable to this nominating property such as Kakadu National Park in Australia, Tassili n'Ajjer in desert Algeria, Tikal National Park with ancient Maya civilization in forested Guatemala, Ibiza in Mediterranean Spain. Shudao is special in China as it reflects the acculturation processes of ancient China, and its multi-functions on transportations and cultural exchanges. It contains a series of cultural remains (e.g., ancient courier route system with paths along scary cliffs, historical towns, and pass gates, cultural landscapes, besides the religious temples or statues), which record the minutes of the country’s formation and development over 2,300 years. Situating in the transitional area between subtropical to temperate zones, and between the lowland Eastern to highland Western China, the proposed property is characterised itself by its extremely rich mountain biodiversity, a combination of different mountain landforms, as well as the astonishing beauty of the red leave scene, providing an ideal and outstanding example of people’s interaction and coexistence with their natural environment.
参考文献：联合国教科文组织官网：世界遗产预备清单。.org/en/tentativelists/5994/
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