图片
旧影:费利斯·比托中国影像集

http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/search/?pg=1&view=grid&query=YTo3OntzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjtzOjU6ImNoaW5hIjtzOjE3OiJfZGF0ZV9yYW5nZV9iZWdhbiI7czo1OiItNTAwMCI7czoxNzoiX2RhdGVfcmFuZ2VfZW5kZWQiO3M6NDoiMjAxNSI7czo4OiJtYWtlci5pZCI7YToxOntpOjA7aToxOTMxO31zOjE3OiJfZmlsdGVyX2hhc19pbWFnZSI7YjoxO3M6OToiaGFzX2ltYWdlIjtiOjE7czo0OiJzb3J0IjtzOjExOiJzb3J0Lm51bWJlciI7fQ%3D%3D
此套《费利斯·比托中国影像集》整理自盖蒂博物馆,大致拍摄于1860年,拍摄地涉及香港,广州,北京,天津。其拍摄的通州燃灯塔、安定门、清漪园、天安门、雍和宫等,是现在所见老北京最早的照片。
费利斯·比托(Felice Beaco )1832年出生于意大利威尼斯(Venice),后加入英国国籍。1860年第二次鸦片战争期间,比托前往中国担任英法联军的随军摄影记者。是最早来到中国北方进行拍摄的外国摄影师之一,在中国北方拍摄了大量残酷的战争场景照片。记录了英法联军攻占天津以及洗劫和烧毁北京皇家园林。作为为数不多的随军摄影师,他有机会接触并拍摄了恭亲王奕䜣,有幸成为第一位拍摄中国皇室成员的外国摄影师。并在圆明园被焚之前拍摄了一张极其珍贵的皇家园林照片,并为摄影术在中国北方的传播起到了积极的作用。

View in Hong-Kong - The Episcopal Church - The Goverment Palace and Hurd & Co.'s American Mercantile House -,1860
来中国之前,比托曾和欧洲战地摄影师詹姆斯・罗伯逊(James Robertson,也是比托的姐夫)一道采访过克里米亚战争,拍摄了塞瓦斯托波尔(Sevastopol)要塞被攻陷的场景。1857年至1858年,他们又到了印度,拍摄了当时发生的印度民族大起义。此后,罗伯逊继续留在印度,而费利斯·比托则来到中国。他于1860年3月抵达香港,并立刻开始拍摄这个城市与邻近地区,最远到广州。在香港期间北行驶至大连湾、北塘与海河河口的大沽炮台。
1860年8月,英法联军以护送公使赴京师与清政府换约为名,先后攻占了大沽口要塞和天津,并直逼北京。而比托正是在这时跟随护送公使的英法联军来到中国北方的。在1860年以前,摄影在中国的传播和应用只限于南方沿海几省,中国北方由于不允许外国人进入, 所以那里的人们对摄影一无所知。据美国发布的一份资料显示:直到 1860年后,西方摄影者才获准能稍微自由一些地在这个古国的土地上旅行,而在此以前他们的摄影活动是被禁止的。由此可见,比托作为对中国城市投以关注的西方摄影记者,是最早一批来到中国北方进行拍摄的外国摄影师,他跟随英法联军,拍摄了像堡垒一般的皇城和沿途堆尸的一些令人备感凄惨的照片。

Staff Headquarters, Pehtung Fort,negative August 1, 1860
比托在中国拍摄到许多具有历史价值的摄影作品。从他当年拍摄的照片中,我们看到被攻陷的大沽口炮台上趴着阵亡的中国士兵,旁边摆着他们使用的原始土炮和弓弩。清朝士兵尸首遍地的场景也充分表明了英法联军的野蛮屠城。北塘要塞,那是1860年8月英国军队从中国人手中夺得的。此时,英国军队将北塘要塞建成了他们的司令部。而要塞的废墟上,一门被摧毁的大炮仿佛诉说着不久前在此发生的激战。这门大炮原先是安放在木质炮架上的。照片上的英军士兵正在这个刚占领不久的阵地上休息。
当年的北京古城墙和城门如今大多已不存在,但从比托那里,我们看到了一些记录北京老城墙和城门的摄影作品,远处的朝阳门和城墙连为一体,将北京城的雄伟和宏大表现得淋漓尽致。
当英军占领安定门城楼之后,比托登上了城楼。他看到:清晰而厚实的城墙笔直地向前延伸,近处有五根高大的旗杆,旗杆下有零星的帐篷,那是驻扎在城墙上,试图建立临时炮台的英国皇家工兵。远处可见德胜门及其瓮城。而从城楼往东瞭望,可以看到清军的大炮和沮丧的清兵,不远处便是雍和宫雄伟的建筑群。从比托拍摄的照片看,城墙顶上确实十分宽阔,并且坚固,只可惜在清政府的腐朽统治下, 这么坚固的城墙仍不能抵挡英法联军的野蛮侵略。

View of the Gardens and Buddhist Temple, Pekin, October 1860

Great Pagoda in Gardens of Imperial Winter Palace,1860
圆明园,这一融汇中外建筑艺术精华的万园之园,同样遭到了英法联军的洗劫。侵略者也不得不承认,“我们就这样以最野蛮的方式,摧毁了世界上最宝贵的财富……你想象不到这座宫殿有多么华美壮丽,更不能设想法军、英军把这个地方蹂躏成什么样子”。圆明园被焚毁的时间是在1860年10月18日至20日,侵略者发动了三四千士兵分头焚烧,大火燃烧了整整3天,遮天蔽日的黑色浓烟长久地笼罩在整个北京城的上空。而比托恰恰是在10月18日圆明园被焚之前拍摄了极其珍贵的皇家园林照片。

Portrait of Prince Kung, Brother of the Emperor of China, Who Signed the Treaty,November 2, 1860
介绍费利斯・比托当年拍摄的照片,不能不关注1860年11月2日他给恭亲王奕䜣拍摄的肖像照片。这是恭亲王奕䜣在10月24日和25日连续与英国、法国签订中英《北京条约》和中法《北京条约》之后留下的影像。1860年10月24日,在经历了英法联军占领安定门和火烧圆明园等一系列重大事件后,臭名昭著的中英《北京条约》签订仪式在北京皇城内的礼部大堂举行。当时,英方代表为英国特使额尔金勋爵,中方代表即为咸丰皇帝的弟弟恭亲王奕䜣。作为随军为数不多的摄影师之一,比托来到签约的礼部大堂,随时准备用影像记录下这一历史时刻。有关比托在礼部大堂为恭亲王拍摄的具体过程,英法联军中的英国陆军司令克灵顿(Clinton )将军在其日记中这样描述“在条约签订仪式的过程中,那位不知疲倦的比托先生很想给北京条约的签订,拍摄一张好照片,就把他的照相设备搬了进来,并把它放在大门正中,用偌大的镜头对准了脸色阴沉的恭亲王胸口。这位皇帝的兄弟惊恐地抬起头来,脸嘲地一下就变得惨白,以为他对面的这门样式怪异的大炮会随时把他的头给轰掉-那架相机的模样确实有点像一门上了膛的大炮,准备将其炮弹射入他可怜的身体。人们急忙向他解释这并没有什么恶意。当他明白这是在给他拍肖像照时,他脸上惊恐的表情顿时转阴为晴。”
《中国摄影史》中也对这次拍照进行了描述:"中英《北京条约》签约仪式在礼部大堂举行。外国摄影师拍照时围观群众达一万多人。清代文人刘毓楠记载拍照时的情况时说:“大堂檐外设一架,上有方木盒,中有镜,覆以红毡,不知何物?”“这说明在19世纪60年代初,北方地区上至王公贵族,下到平民百姓,对摄影从未接触过。但是,由于当时室内光线不好,比托这次拍摄恭亲王的照片并未成功。
11月2日,恭亲王回访额尔金,费利斯・比托再次抓住时机,在额尔金勋爵的住处给恭亲王奕䜣补拍了一张肖像照片。据英军军医芮尼的描述:恭亲王那天身穿一件紫色绣有黄龙的锦缎官袍……他戴着一顶边缘上翘的官帽,除了在顶戴处有一个红绸做成的旋钮之外,并无其他任何装饰。这张照片拍摄得非常成功,此后被多次使用,成为恭亲王的标准像。从比托留下的影像中我们看到,恭亲王面容清耀,表情肃穆,双眉紧锁,悲凉而忧郁。这是目前我们可知的最早的皇室成员的照片,为研究政治史和摄影史提供了可靠的影像资料。
此外,在拍摄战争场面之余,比托还拍摄了一些关于北京风土民情的照片,如鼓楼大街的店铺等。

Portrait of Mr. Watson,August - October 1860

Portrait of General Sir Hope Grant,1860

Portrait of Brigadier General Sir Charles Van Straubenzee,August - October 1860

Lieutenant General Sir Hope Grant,August - October 1860

Portrait of Lord Elgin, Plenipotentiary and Ambassador, Who Signed the Treaty,November 2, 1860

View of Hong Kong,March 1860

Modern Building and View of Hong Kong,March 1860

View in Hong-Kong - Bungalow of French Admiral in Foreground,1860

Howqua's Gardens, Canton,August - October 1860

Joss House, Canton,August - October 1860

Parade Gnomio, Canton,August - October 1860


Panorama of Hong Kong, showing the Fleet for North China Expedition,March 1, 1860

Entrance to Treasury, Canton, China,April 10, 1860

Temple of the Tartar Quarter, Canton,negative April 1860

Entrance of the Five Genii Temple, Canton, China,April 1860

Five Genii Temple, from the name Hui Tuh Kung, Canton, China,April 10, 1860

Chinese Theatre, Canton,negative April 1860

Nine-storied Pagoda and Tartar Street, Canton,negative April 1860

Yamun Tartar Quarter - Canton - The Residence of the Tartar General,April 1860

Temple of Confucius, Canton, China,April 1860

Confucius, Canton, China,April 1860

Nume Hui Uck Kung, Canton, China,April 1860

Treasury Street, Canton,negative April 1860

Temple in North Street, Canton, China,April 1860

East Street from the Treasury, Canton,negative April 1860

Five Genii Temple, Canton, China,April 1860

Shuy-yiet-Koon, North Street, Canton, China,April 1860

Chinese Merchant's House, Canton, China,April 1860

Commissioners Yamun, Canton, China,April 1860

Arch in Confucius' Temple, Canton, China,April 1860

Nume Hui Kung Temple, Canton, China,April 1860

Temple in Tartar Quarter, Canton, China,April 1860

Mahomedan Mosque, Canton, China,April 1860

Mahomedan Mosque, Canton, China,negative April 1860

Five-storied Pagoda, Canton, China,April 1860

Headquarters House, 1st Division, Pehtung, China,1860

Interior of the Pehtang Fort Showing the Magazine and Wooden Gun, August 1st, 1860

Interior of the Pehtang Fort Showing the Magazine and Wooden Gun, August 1st, 1860

Interior of the Angle of North Fort,August 21-22, 1860

Interior of the Angle of North Fort,August 21, 1860

Interior of the Angle of North Fort,August 21-22, 1860

Interior of the Angle of North Fort Immediately after Its Capture,August 21-22, 1860

Exterior of North Fort, Showing the English Entrance,August 21-22, 1860

Rear of the North Fort after its capture, showing the Retreat of the Chinese Army,August 21, 1860

Interior of the Second North Fort, After its Surrender,August 21, 1860

Interior of the Second North Fort, After its Surrender,August 21, 1860

The Imperial Porcelain Palace, Peking,1860

Interior of the Tomb at the Depot near Peking,October 3-5, 1860

Pehtang, "Probyn's Horse," in the Foreground,1860

Entrance to the Fortified Town of Pauku,1860

The Bridge of Paletchow Showing the Grand Paved Road Between Peking and Tongchow,1860

Top of the Wall of Peking,October 14, 1860 or later

Shops and Street, Chinese City of Peking,1860

Street and Shops in the Tartar City of Pekin, October 29, 1860

Wall of Peking,1860

Tung Choon Pagoda,September 23, 1860

Building and Camera, China,1860

Temple Gateway, China,1860

Pehtung Fort, August 1st, 1860

Exterior of North Fort on Peiho River, showing the English and French Entrance,August 10, 1860

Anting Gate of Peking after the Surrender,1860

First view seen in Peking taken from Anting Gate,1860

Position taken up by the English and French within the Enclosure of the Temple of the Earth,1860



Panorama of Peking, Taken from the South Gate, Leading into the Chinese City,negative October 1860

Entrance to Winter Palace in Peking,October 29, 1860

Temple of Confucius, Peking,negative October 1860

Interior and Arches of the Temple of Heaven, Where the Emperor Sacrifices Once a Year in the Chinese City, Peking,October 1860

Temple of Heaven from the Place Where the Priests Are Burnt,negative October 1860

Sacred Temple of Heaven,negative October 1860

Mosque, near Peking, Occupied by the Commander in Chief and Lord Elgin,negative October 3-5, 1860

View of the Imperial Summer Palace, Yuen-Ming-Yuen, after the Burning, Taken from the Lake, Peking,negative October 18, 1860

Pagoda up in the Hill, - Summer Palace, Yuen-Ming-Yuen, Peking,October 18, 1860

Architectural View of the Lama Temple near Peking,October 18, 1860

Arch in the Lama Temple Near Pekin, October, 1860

Part of the Entrance to the Lama Temple near Peking,October 18, 1860

Imperial Summer Palace before the of Burning Yuan Ming Yuan, October 18, 1860

First View seen in Pekin Taken from Antin Gate, October 1860

Imperial Winter Palace, Pekin, October 29, 1860

The Great Imperial Winter Palace, Pekin, October 29, 1860

Thibetan Monument in the Lama Temple Near Pekin, August 1860

View of the Summer Palace. Yuan Ming Yuan Pagoda. Before the Burning, Pekin, October 18, 1860

The Great Imperial Palace (Yuan Ming Yuan) Before the Burning, Pekin, October 18, 1860

Carved Tomb of the Depot near Pekin, The Place Where the Guns and Ammunition Were Left When the Army Marched to Pekin, Oct 1860

Exterior of the Tomb Depot, near Pekin, October 1860

Tomb near Pa-li-k'um. The Scene of the Commencement of the Attack on the 21st September 1860 near Pekin
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