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卡拉卡哈古城遗址The Site of Ancient Town of Shahristan (Kahkakha)

摘要: 卡拉卡哈(Kalai Kahkakha)古城遗址卡拉卡哈古城遗址位于塔吉克斯坦沙赫里斯坦市西侧,地处西天山北麓山前平缓台地上,南侧为山,东临河,西、北均为陡崖,地势险要。卡拉卡哈古城是公元6-9世纪粟特东曹国的首都,汉语文献作率都沙那、苏对沙那、劫布斲那、苏都识匿等。该城址由结构复杂的城堡、具有防御性的城墙和角楼共同组成。东北部是统治者居住的宫 ...
卡拉卡哈(Kalai Kahkakha)古城遗址

卡拉卡哈古城遗址位于塔吉克斯坦沙赫里斯坦市西侧,地处西天山北麓山前平缓台地上,南侧为山,东临河,西、北均为陡崖,地势险要。

卡拉卡哈古城是公元6-9世纪粟特东曹国的首都,汉语文献作率都沙那、苏对沙那、劫布斲那、苏都识匿等。该城址由结构复杂的城堡、具有防御性的城墙和角楼共同组成。东北部是统治者居住的宫殿(Kalai Kahkakha I),南部有一座早期的被很宽很深的自然壕沟隔离开来的城堡(Kalai Kahkakha II),两者之间是居民和手工业区(Kalai Kahkakha III)(图三六、三七)。在古城内发现了多座毗邻带有神像的宗教殿宇,阿拉伯人侵后被改建为清真寺。古城内由一道南北向的城墙分为两部分,西部发现有复杂的防御设施,包括卫兵居所和练兵场等,周边有蓄水池。

古城共发现城门两座,北面为主城门,西面为副城门。东北、西南角各存角楼一座,现存高5-6米。城墙和角墩均为夯筑。东部最高处有城堡式宫殿,规模约38米x47米,高于东侧河床57米。宫殿由干土坯垒砌而成,内部涂抹灰泥。宫殿内发现大约20间房屋,包括高达三层带有王座的凉廊(17.65米x11.77米)、一间会议厅(9.65米x9.5米)、一座城堡主塔、一些住宅和储物室以及一个又宽又长的走廊。宫殿里还修建有寺庙和武器储存室,并在武器储存室发现了投石机使用的5000多个重32-48公斤的石球。宫殿被防御性城墙围绕,西墙开有城门一座。宫殿的大厅、房间和走廊内设置方形平台,安放木质屏风,屏风及墙壁表面饰以壁画、木柱雕刻等。位于北墙前面带有雕刻和木质门楣的大厅人口,发现了很多圆柱。大厅为老式古罗马大教堂样式,朝向大厅的走廊墙壁饰以少见的关于罗马城起源的彩色壁画,其他内容包括战士、对抗恶魔等。在城中可采集到较多陶片,器形有罐、红陶大瓮等,和新璐地区同时期的唐代城址出土陶片类似,另外还发现有阿拉伯风格的釉陶碗等遗物。卡拉卡哈古城是一座延续时间很长的遗址,包含了从粟特时期到9 ̄12世纪伊斯兰化后的多种文化遗存,具有鲜明的时代特征,其年代应为粟特至阿拉伯时期。遗址位于城市边缘山麓地带,人为破坏较少,主要的破坏来自于风化、雨水侵蚀等自然原因。

Description

  The site of the ancient town of Shahristan (Kahkakha) was a capital of ancient Ustrushana of VI-IX centuries. It consisted of the complex of castles, united in a system encircled with defensive wall with towers.In the north part there is Sharistan proper with the palace of governor (its name is Kalai Kahkakha I). There is an old fortress in the south part (its name is Kalai Kahkakha II). They are separated by wide and deep moat of natural origin. There is Rabad (Kalai Kahkakha III) there. Side by side with dwelling houses in the territory of Shahristan it was found a cult temple of idols. After Arab conquest it became the mosque. The territory of the site of ancient town was devided by wall into two parts. There was a defensive complex in the west part. It consisted of guard buildings and barracs and a drill ground. There was a sardoba (reservoir) there. The site of ancient town had two gates. The north one was main, and west one was reserve.There was a palace of Bungikata in the east part of the site of ancient town (the highest part). The territory of the palace was 38x47 m., and it rise above the river bed on 57 m. The palace was built of raw-bricks. Interiors were covered with adobe plaster. The palace had about 20 premises, in that number the main three-storeyed hall (17.65 x 11.77 m.) with throne loggia, a small hall (9.65 x 9.5 m.) for meetings, a donjon, some dwelling and house-hold premises, a large system of wide and long corridors, conducting them. There were temple and arsenal in the palace. It was found 5000 stone balls of 32-48 kg. Weight and stone balls for slings. The palace was encircled with defendence wall, there was a gate in the west wall of the palace. The halls, rooms and corridors had sufas (right-angled dais, interlocutors were situated on its surface), tambours with wooden screens, which in combination with wall painting, carving of columns, frieses and ceilings gave smart appereance to the interior of the premises. The hall of the palace is many-columned, with a wide entrance; it was decorated with carving and a beautiful carved wooden tympanum. The tympanum was situated in front of the trone loggia near the north wall.A planning of the hall is reminiscent of basilicas of Ancient Rome. Walls of a corridor leading to the hall is decorated astonishing subjects of many-colored painting. It's a picture of shewolf, nursing babies. Other subjects are warriors, fighting against demons, etc. Thus the site of ancient town of Shahristan (Kahkakha) is a unique archaeological monument, where the elements of structure of towns of IX-XII centuries is expressed very clearly. Kahkakha was political, economical and cultural center of Ustrushana.

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