[1]本文为“新疆通史”基础研究项目(XJTSB059)阶段性成果,并受2010年暨南大学科研培育与创新基金项目资助。
[2]《旧唐书》卷一百九十八《西域传》,中华书局,1975年,第5312页。
[3]《新唐书》卷二百二十一下《西域传》下,中华书局,1975年,第6258页。
[4]赵翼著;王树民校正:《廿二史札记》,中华书局,1984年,第342、373~374页。
[5]《康熙字典》(标点整理本),上海辞书出版社,2007年,第732~733页。
[6]Mary Boyce transl.,The Letter of Tansar,Roma:Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Estremo Oriente,1968,p.42.
[7]E.K.Antiā transl., Kārnāmak-i Artakhshīr Pāpakān, Fort:Fort Printing Press, 1900, pp.35-36.
[8]O. Braun, Ausgewählte Akten Persischer Märtyrer, Miteinem Anhang:Ostsyrisches Mönchsleben,Kempten, München, 1915, p.43.
[9]Mary Boyce transl.,The Letter of Tansar,p.42.
[10]O.Braun,Ausgewählte Akten Persischer Märtyrer,p.70.
[11]J.C.Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest,A Pahlavi Text on Religious Customs, 2.51,Hamburg: Friederichsen,de Gruyter & CO m.b.H., 1930,p.19,50; E.W.West transl.,Pahlavi Texts,Part I, F. Max Müller ed.,Sacred Books of the East (SBE), Vol. V,Oxford University Press, 1880, Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, 1965,1970,1977,p.258.
[12]framān表示罪过的程度,一般认为是最轻的罪过,犯者将受到体罚。见A. Perikhanian,The Book of a Thousand Judgements (A Sasanian Law-Book), translated from Russian by Nina Garsoïan, Costa Mesa, California and New York:Mazda Publishers in Association with Bibliotheca Persica, (Persian Heritage Series 39), 1997, p.259, 359.中古帕拉维文书《许不许》中将其量化,认为一framān等同于三drahms与四dāngs,见F. M. Kotwal,The Supplementary Texts to the Šāyest nē-šāyest(Šnš) ,København:Kommissionœr.Munksgaard, 1969, pp.22-23, 96, 115。而波斯语书信集中则认为一framān等于四stirs,每stir等于四jujan,见B. N. Dhabhar transl.,The Persian Rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz,Bombay, 1932, pp.288-289。
[13]J. C. Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest,4.10, p.22, 89;SBE, Vol. V, p.288. 这是一种致命的罪过,必须经过严厉地鞭打或巨额罚款方可豁免,否则犯者可能被逐出教会,见H. S. Nyberg,A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II, Otto Harrassowitz·Wiesbaden, 1974, p.191。
[14]F.M.Kotwal & Ph.Kreyenbroek.,The Hērbedestān and Nērangestān,Vol.I.Hērbedestān,17.1,Studia Iranica,Cahier 10,Paris:Association Pour l’Avancement des études Iraniennes, 1992, pp.74-75。这种罪可能是通过爆炸使他人受到伤害,根据《辟邪经》第四章第七节记载,这种罪犯了五次就成为tanāpuhl,见Šnš,p.125。
[15]J. C. Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest, 2.40, p.19, 46; SBE, Vol. V, p.256.
[16]J.C.Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest, 2.50, p.19, 50; SBE, Vol. V,p.258.
[17]J.C.Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest, 2.53, p.19, 50; SBE, Vol. V, p.259.
[18]J.C.Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest, 2.69, p.19, 55; SBE, Vol. V, p.263.
[19]M. Macuch,On the Treatment of Animals in Zoroastrian Law, A. van Tongerloo ed.,Silk Road Studies VIII. Iranica Selecta: Studies in Honour of Professor Wojciech Skalmowski on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday,Turnhout, Brepols Publishers n.v., 2003, p.187.
[20]János Jany,Criminal Justice in Sasanian Persia, Iranica Antique, Vol. XLII,2007, p.360.
[21]《魏书》卷一百二《西域传》,中华书局,1974年,第2280页。
[22]周祖谟校释:《洛阳伽蓝记校释》卷五,科学出版社,1958年,第102~103页。
[23]《新唐书》卷二百二十一上《西域传》上,第6240页。
[24]季羡林等:《大唐西域记校注》,中华书局,1985年,第205页。
[25]〔法〕迭郎善译;马香雪转译:《摩奴法典》,商务印书馆,1982年,第179~180页。另据蒋忠新译:《摩奴法论》,中国社会科学出版社,1986年,第147~148页(No.109~116)。
[26]A. G. Warner and E. Warner transl.,Shāhnāma of Firdausī, Vol.II,London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & CO. Ltd, 1906, pp.220-221.
[27] Mary Boyce,On Mithra, Lord of Fire, Hommages et Opera Minora, Monumentum H. S. Nyberg,Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975, p.72.
[28]Šnš, 15.17,pp.62-63;SBE, Vol. V,p.376.
[29]R. C. Zaehner,The Teachings of the Magi, A Compendium of Zoroastrian Beliefs,London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1956, p.142.
[30]Šnš, 15.16, pp.62-63;SBE, Vol. V,p.376.
[31]B. N. Dhabhar transl.,The Persian Rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz,pp.39-51.
[32]Mary Boyce,On Mithra, Lord of Fire,p.72.
[33]M.Mole,La Legende de Zoroastre Selon les Textes Pehlevis, Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1967, pp.62-65.
[34]J.B.Tavernier,Collections of Travels through Turkey into Persia, and the East-Indies, Vol.I,London, 1784, p.98.
[35]E.W.West transl.,Pahlavi Texts, Part II, The Dādistān-i Dīnīk and The Epistles of Mānūskīhar,in F. Max Müller ed. SBE, Vol.XVIII,Oxford University Press, 1882; repr. Motilal Banarsidass, 1965, 1970, 1977, Chap.LXXII, 5; LXXVIII,3.
[36]P. Thieme,Mitra and Aryaman, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 41,New Haven Connecticut, 1957, p.38 n.25. Gonda,The Vedic god Mitra,Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972,pp.114-115.
[37]E.Herzfeld,Zoroaster and his World,II,Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947,p.483.
[38]A.Meillet,Le Dieu Indo-iranien Mitra, Journal Asiatique, 1907,p.156.
[39]G.Kreyenbroek,Sraoša in the Zoroastrian Tradition,Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1985, pp.164-183.
[40]Yt.10.2,82.Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, Cambridge University Press,1959,pp.74-75,112-113.
[41]Yt.10.86, Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, pp.114-115.
[42]Yt.10.33, 65, Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, pp.88-89, 102-105.
[43]Yt.10.45, 120, Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, pp.96-97, 132-133.
[44]Yt.10.76, Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, pp.108-109.
[45]Yt.10.116-117, Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra, pp.130-133.
[46]A. Meillet,Le dieu Indo-iranien Mitra,pp.150-154; Ilya Gershevitch,The Avestan Hymn to Mithra,pp.35-40.
[47]F.Cumont,Textes et Monuments Figurés Relatifs aux Mystères de Mithra,Brussells: H. Lamertin, Libraire-éditeur, 1899, I, p.229 n.2.
[48]《旧唐书》卷一百九十八《西域传》,第5312页。
[49]《新唐书》卷二百二十一下《西域传》下,第6258页。
[50]János Jany,Criminal Justice in Sasanian Persia,p.349.
[51]《周书》卷五十《异域传》下,第919~920页。
[52]H. S. Nyberg,A Manual of Pahlavi,Part II, p.122. 有关考证可参阅〔美〕劳费尔著;林筠因译:《中国伊朗编》,商务印书馆,1964年,第361页。另见佐藤圭四郎:《北魏时代におけゐ东西交涉》,《东西文化交流史》,雄山阁,1975年,第378~393页;崛谦德:《公历第六世纪の波斯》,《史学杂志》,19-1,1908,第40~53页;R. A. Miller,Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959, pp.38-40。
[53]J.K.Choksy,Sacral Kingship in Sasanian Iran, Bulletin of the Asia Institute,New Series, Vol.2,Detroit,1988, pp.35-52.
[54]János Jany,Criminal Justice in Sasanian Persia,pp.348-349.
[55]János Jany,Criminal Justice in Sasanian Persia,p.349.
[56]关于《千条判决书》书名应为Hazār Dādestān而非Mādigān ī Hazār Dādestān,可参阅M, Macuch,On Middle Persian Legal Terminology, in C. G. Cereti and M. Maggi eds.,Middle Iranian Lexicography, Proceedings of the Conference Held in Rome, 9-11 April 2001, Orientalia Romana 8, Roma: Istituto Italiano Per l’Africa e l’Oriente, 2005, p.376 n.2. 该书的英译可参阅S. J. Bulsara transl.,The Laws of the Ancient Persians,Bombay: Hoshang T.Anklesarta, 1937; A. Perikhanian,The Book of a Thousand Judgements (A Sasanian Law-Book).德译参阅M. Macuch,Das Sasanidisches Rechtsbuch Mātakdān I Hazār Dātistān(Teil II), Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag,1981;Rechtskasuistik und Gerichtspraxis zu Beginn des Siebenten Jahrhunderts in Iran. Die Rechtssanmlung des Farrohmard i Wahrāmān,Wiesbaden, 1993。
[57]J.C.Tavadia,Šāyest-nē-šāyest;F.M.Kotwal,The Supplementary Texts to the Šāyest-nē-šāyest.
[58]F.M.Kotwal,Kreyenbroek.Ph.,The Hērbedestān and Nērangestān,Vol.II,Nērangestān,Fragard 1,Studia Iranica, Cahier 16, Paris: Association Pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 1995; Vol.III, Nērangestān, Fragard 2, Studia Iranica, Cahier 30, Paris: Association Pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2003; Vol.IV, Nērangestān, Fragard 3, Studia Iranica, Cahier 38, Paris: Association Pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2009.
[59]F.M.Kotwal,Kreyenbroek.Ph.,The Hērbedestān and Nērangestān,Vol.I,Hērbedestān.H.Humbach,J.Elfenbein, rbedestān. An Avesta-Pahlavi Text,München, 1990.
[60]龚方震,晏可佳:《祆教史》,上海社会科学院出版社,1998年,第9页。