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缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报 | 因瓦古城桑达穆尼寺
摘要: 缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报 | 因瓦古城桑达穆尼寺原创AAHM亚洲遗产管理学会2025年04月15日 20:38江苏Express News缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报引言 | Foreword2025年3月28日发生的7.9级强震致使缅甸遭遇重大损失，据中国新闻网和新京报最新通报，截至4月15日，缅甸28日发生的强震已造成3706人遇难，另有5027人受伤，约130人失踪，我们向所有遇难者致以沉痛的哀 ...
缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报 | 因瓦古城桑达穆尼寺原创 AAHM 亚洲遗产管理学会 2025年04月15日 20:38 江苏
Express News
缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报
引言 | Foreword
2025年3月28日发生的7.9级强震致使缅甸遭遇重大损失，据中国新闻网和新京报最新通报，截至4月15日，缅甸28日发生的强震已造成3706人遇难，另有5027人受伤，约130人失踪，我们向所有遇难者致以沉痛的哀悼。地震也对缅甸曼德勒-实皆-内比都沿线众多的文化遗产造成了毁灭性打击，约670座寺庙损毁、290座佛塔倾覆，曼德勒皇宫、马哈牟尼佛寺、梅努寺、阿瓦大桥等重要建筑损毁严重或变为废墟。数百座佛塔、寺庙坍塌，人类共同文化遗产存续正面临严峻考验。
为此，亚洲遗产管理学会特发布系列“缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报”，呼吁全球社会关注缅甸历史文化遗产的珍贵价值及震后损毁情况，共同守护人类文明的瑰宝。
12
桑达穆尼寺震后速报
Post-earthquake Express News of
Sandamuni Temple
“
01 遗产概况
桑达穆尼佛塔坐落于缅甸历史悠久的因瓦古城内，地理位置为北纬21°50'25.0"，东经95°58'44.8"，是一座典型的良渊时期风格佛塔。佛塔占地153×153平方英尺，总高度达162英尺，主体结构由三座方形平台和一座八角形平台构成基座，四面设有阶梯供信徒登临。塔身从基座至第三层平台通体涂覆白色石灰浆，顶部塔尖则以镀金涂料装饰，整体造型庄严恢弘，融合几何对称与宗教象征意义。
图1 桑达穆尼寺区位示意图（来源：东南大学团队自绘）
Figure 1. Location of Sandamuni Temple (Source: Southeast University)
“
02 文化特色
桑达穆尼寺佛塔体现缅甸良渊王朝（16-17世纪）的佛教建筑美学，以多层级平台、钟形穹顶和环形锥状塔尖为标志，塔尖顶端的钻石花蕾金伞象征佛法至高无上的神圣性。塔基的双层莲花纹象征着纯洁与觉悟，钟形穹顶的鬼面（Ogre）浮雕则兼具驱邪护法的功能。塔基四角的狮人（Manusiha）雕像融合了人与狮的特征，源自于佛教护法神话，展现了缅甸传统艺术对超自然力量的想象。四面阶梯象征着佛法普渡众生的包容性，各层平台的角瓮与角塔强化了建筑的空间仪式感。
桑达穆尼佛塔不仅是缅甸佛教艺术的物质载体，更是良渊王朝宗教文化、神话叙事与建筑智慧的立体见证，其装饰细节与空间设计皆暗含深层的信仰隐喻，堪称东南亚佛教遗产的瑰宝。
图2 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 2. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图3 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 3. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图4 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 4. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图5 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 5. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
“
03 损毁情况
据缅甸社交媒体、震区群众相关消息，本次强震导致桑达穆尼寺主体建筑受到明显破坏，中心佛塔塔刹坍塌，支撑结构变形，建筑雕塑部分损毁，周边附属建筑坍塌损毁严重。
图6 桑达穆尼震前震后对比照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 6. Comparison photos before and after the earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图7 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 7. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图8 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 8. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图9 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 9. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图10 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 10. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
The following is the English version：
Express News
Post-earthquake Express News on Myanmar's Historical and Cultural Heritage
Foreword
The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck on March 28, 2025 caused heavy losses to Myanmar. According to the latest report, as of April 15th, the strong earthquake that struck Myanmar on the 28th has resulted in 3706 deaths, with another 5027 injured and approximately 130 missing. We extend our deepest condolences to all the victims.
The earthquake also dealt a devastating blow to numerous cultural heritage sites along Mandalay - Sagaing - Naypyitaw region, with about 150 temples and pagodas damaged. Important with about 670 temples and 290 pagodas damaged. Important structures such as the King Palace, Mahamuni Pagoda, Me Nu Oak Kyaung, Innwa Bridge have suffered severe damage or been reduced to ruins. Hundreds of stupas and temples collapsed. The survival of the common cultural heritages of mankind is facing a severe test.
To this end, the Asian Academy for Heritage Management has released a series of "Post-earthquake Express News on Myanmar's Historical and Cultural Heritages", calling on the global community to pay attention to the precious value of Myanmar's historical and cultural heritages and the damages condition after the earthquake, and jointly protect the treasures of human civilization.
12
Post-earthquake Express News of
Sandamuni Temple
“
01 Heritage Overview
The Sandamuni Pagoda is situated in the ancient city of Inwa, Myanmar, at GPS coordinates 21°50'25.0"N, 95°58'44.8"E. A quintessential example of the Nyaung Yan period (16th–17th century) architectural style, this stupa spans an area of 153×153 square feet and rises to a total height of 162 feet. Its structural foundation comprises three square-shaped terraces and one octagonal terrace, with stairways on all four sides for devotees to ascend. The base up to the third terrace is coated in white lime wash, while the spire is adorned with gold gilding, creating a solemn and majestic form that harmonizes geometric symmetry with religious symbolism.
“
02 Cultural Features
The Sandamuni Pagoda, a masterpiece of Buddhist architectural aesthetics from Myanmar’s Nyaung Yan Dynasty, seamlessly integrates structural grandeur with profound spiritual symbolism. Characterized by its multi-tiered platforms, bell-shaped dome, and ringed conical spire, the pagoda’s design culminates in a diamond-bud-shaped golden umbrella (hti), an emblem of the supreme sanctity of Buddhist teachings. The base is adorned with double-layered lotus patterns, symbolizing purity and enlightenment, while the bell-shaped dome features ogre reliefs that serve both apotropaic and protective roles. At the four corners of the base stand the Manusiha statues—mythical human-lion hybrids rooted in Buddhist guardian lore—showcasing Myanmar’s artistic reverence for supernatural forces. Stairways on all four sides embody the inclusivity of Buddhist teachings in liberating all beings, while corner urns and miniature stupas on each terrace elevate the architecture’s solemnity and ritualistic spatial harmony. Beyond its physical form, the pagoda stands as a three-dimensional testament to the Nyaung Yan period’s religious devotion, mythic narratives, and architectural brilliance. Every intricate detail and spatial arrangement conceals layers of spiritual allegory, cementing its legacy as a transcendent jewel of Southeast Asia’s Buddhist heritage.
“
03 Damages Condition
According to reports from Myanmar social media and local residents in the affected area, the recent powerful earthquake has caused significant damage to the Sandamuni Pagoda. The central stupa’s spire has collapsed, its supporting structure has deformed, and portions of its sculptural decorations have been destroyed. Surrounding auxiliary structures have also suffered severe collapse and damage.
END
图片来源：亚洲遗产管理学会
文字来源：亚洲遗产管理学会
学术支持：城市与建筑遗产保护教育部重点实验室（东南大学）
中国城市规划学会城市规划历史与理论分会
制作：翟广锋、May Myat Noe Ko（缅）
审核：汪艳
审定：董卫、江泓
扫码关注
亚洲遗产管理学会
Asian Academy for
Heritage Management
Express News
缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报
引言 | Foreword
2025年3月28日发生的7.9级强震致使缅甸遭遇重大损失，据中国新闻网和新京报最新通报，截至4月15日，缅甸28日发生的强震已造成3706人遇难，另有5027人受伤，约130人失踪，我们向所有遇难者致以沉痛的哀悼。地震也对缅甸曼德勒-实皆-内比都沿线众多的文化遗产造成了毁灭性打击，约670座寺庙损毁、290座佛塔倾覆，曼德勒皇宫、马哈牟尼佛寺、梅努寺、阿瓦大桥等重要建筑损毁严重或变为废墟。数百座佛塔、寺庙坍塌，人类共同文化遗产存续正面临严峻考验。
为此，亚洲遗产管理学会特发布系列“缅甸历史文化遗产震后速报”，呼吁全球社会关注缅甸历史文化遗产的珍贵价值及震后损毁情况，共同守护人类文明的瑰宝。
12
桑达穆尼寺震后速报
Post-earthquake Express News of
Sandamuni Temple
“
01 遗产概况
桑达穆尼佛塔坐落于缅甸历史悠久的因瓦古城内，地理位置为北纬21°50'25.0"，东经95°58'44.8"，是一座典型的良渊时期风格佛塔。佛塔占地153×153平方英尺，总高度达162英尺，主体结构由三座方形平台和一座八角形平台构成基座，四面设有阶梯供信徒登临。塔身从基座至第三层平台通体涂覆白色石灰浆，顶部塔尖则以镀金涂料装饰，整体造型庄严恢弘，融合几何对称与宗教象征意义。
图1 桑达穆尼寺区位示意图（来源：东南大学团队自绘）
Figure 1. Location of Sandamuni Temple (Source: Southeast University)
“
02 文化特色
桑达穆尼寺佛塔体现缅甸良渊王朝（16-17世纪）的佛教建筑美学，以多层级平台、钟形穹顶和环形锥状塔尖为标志，塔尖顶端的钻石花蕾金伞象征佛法至高无上的神圣性。塔基的双层莲花纹象征着纯洁与觉悟，钟形穹顶的鬼面（Ogre）浮雕则兼具驱邪护法的功能。塔基四角的狮人（Manusiha）雕像融合了人与狮的特征，源自于佛教护法神话，展现了缅甸传统艺术对超自然力量的想象。四面阶梯象征着佛法普渡众生的包容性，各层平台的角瓮与角塔强化了建筑的空间仪式感。
桑达穆尼佛塔不仅是缅甸佛教艺术的物质载体，更是良渊王朝宗教文化、神话叙事与建筑智慧的立体见证，其装饰细节与空间设计皆暗含深层的信仰隐喻，堪称东南亚佛教遗产的瑰宝。
图2 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 2. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图3 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 3. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图4 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 4. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图5 桑达穆尼震前照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 5. Photo before earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
“
03 损毁情况
据缅甸社交媒体、震区群众相关消息，本次强震导致桑达穆尼寺主体建筑受到明显破坏，中心佛塔塔刹坍塌，支撑结构变形，建筑雕塑部分损毁，周边附属建筑坍塌损毁严重。
图6 桑达穆尼震前震后对比照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 6. Comparison photos before and after the earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图7 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 7. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图8 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 8. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图9 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 9. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
图10 桑达穆尼寺震后照片 来源：缅甸当地群众拍摄
Figure 10. Photo after earthquake (Source:Photo from Local people in Myanmar)
The following is the English version：
Express News
Post-earthquake Express News on Myanmar's Historical and Cultural Heritage
Foreword
The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck on March 28, 2025 caused heavy losses to Myanmar. According to the latest report, as of April 15th, the strong earthquake that struck Myanmar on the 28th has resulted in 3706 deaths, with another 5027 injured and approximately 130 missing. We extend our deepest condolences to all the victims.
The earthquake also dealt a devastating blow to numerous cultural heritage sites along Mandalay - Sagaing - Naypyitaw region, with about 150 temples and pagodas damaged. Important with about 670 temples and 290 pagodas damaged. Important structures such as the King Palace, Mahamuni Pagoda, Me Nu Oak Kyaung, Innwa Bridge have suffered severe damage or been reduced to ruins. Hundreds of stupas and temples collapsed. The survival of the common cultural heritages of mankind is facing a severe test.
To this end, the Asian Academy for Heritage Management has released a series of "Post-earthquake Express News on Myanmar's Historical and Cultural Heritages", calling on the global community to pay attention to the precious value of Myanmar's historical and cultural heritages and the damages condition after the earthquake, and jointly protect the treasures of human civilization.
12
Post-earthquake Express News of
Sandamuni Temple
“
01 Heritage Overview
The Sandamuni Pagoda is situated in the ancient city of Inwa, Myanmar, at GPS coordinates 21°50'25.0"N, 95°58'44.8"E. A quintessential example of the Nyaung Yan period (16th–17th century) architectural style, this stupa spans an area of 153×153 square feet and rises to a total height of 162 feet. Its structural foundation comprises three square-shaped terraces and one octagonal terrace, with stairways on all four sides for devotees to ascend. The base up to the third terrace is coated in white lime wash, while the spire is adorned with gold gilding, creating a solemn and majestic form that harmonizes geometric symmetry with religious symbolism.
“
02 Cultural Features
The Sandamuni Pagoda, a masterpiece of Buddhist architectural aesthetics from Myanmar’s Nyaung Yan Dynasty, seamlessly integrates structural grandeur with profound spiritual symbolism. Characterized by its multi-tiered platforms, bell-shaped dome, and ringed conical spire, the pagoda’s design culminates in a diamond-bud-shaped golden umbrella (hti), an emblem of the supreme sanctity of Buddhist teachings. The base is adorned with double-layered lotus patterns, symbolizing purity and enlightenment, while the bell-shaped dome features ogre reliefs that serve both apotropaic and protective roles. At the four corners of the base stand the Manusiha statues—mythical human-lion hybrids rooted in Buddhist guardian lore—showcasing Myanmar’s artistic reverence for supernatural forces. Stairways on all four sides embody the inclusivity of Buddhist teachings in liberating all beings, while corner urns and miniature stupas on each terrace elevate the architecture’s solemnity and ritualistic spatial harmony. Beyond its physical form, the pagoda stands as a three-dimensional testament to the Nyaung Yan period’s religious devotion, mythic narratives, and architectural brilliance. Every intricate detail and spatial arrangement conceals layers of spiritual allegory, cementing its legacy as a transcendent jewel of Southeast Asia’s Buddhist heritage.
“
03 Damages Condition
According to reports from Myanmar social media and local residents in the affected area, the recent powerful earthquake has caused significant damage to the Sandamuni Pagoda. The central stupa’s spire has collapsed, its supporting structure has deformed, and portions of its sculptural decorations have been destroyed. Surrounding auxiliary structures have also suffered severe collapse and damage.
END
图片来源：亚洲遗产管理学会
文字来源：亚洲遗产管理学会
学术支持：城市与建筑遗产保护教育部重点实验室（东南大学）
中国城市规划学会城市规划历史与理论分会
制作：翟广锋、May Myat Noe Ko（缅）
审核：汪艳
审定：董卫、江泓
扫码关注
亚洲遗产管理学会
Asian Academy for
Heritage Management