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阿吉纳特佩(Ajina Tepa)佛教寺院遗址

2019-12-17 21:29| 发布者: IICC| 查看: 315| 评论: 0

阿吉纳特佩(AjinaTepa)佛教 寺院 遗址

阿吉纳特佩(Ajina Tepa)佛教 寺院 遗址

阿吉纳特佩(Ajina Tepa)佛教寺院遗址

阿吉纳特佩佛教寺院遗址地处瓦赫什盆地腹地,西北距塔吉克斯坦库尔干秋别市7.6公里。周围地势平坦开阔,东邻灌溉渠道,北距瓦赫什河9公里。

自1953年起,塔吉克斯坦科学院历史学、考古学和人类学研究所在瓦赫什谷地进行了广泛、系统的调査,并于1959年发现该佛教寺院遗址。1960-1966年,在B.A.李斯文斯基和T.M.泽依玛尔领导下,对该遗址进行了考古发掘,最终揭露了该寺院三分之二的面积,发现了大量雕塑和壁画,了解了其复杂的平面构成,确定了该遗址建筑物的不同用途及年代,进而推测并恢复了其历史原貌。日本学者于近年对该遗址又进行了小规模发掘,还对发掘出的墙体等建筑遗存进行了保护加固和修复。

阿吉纳特佩寺院遗址是一座建于公元7-8世纪的佛教寺院,坐落于居民区内,距离卡菲尔的灌溉渠道不远。寺院主体平面呈长方形,西南一东北走向,长100、宽60米,四周有宽2.2-2.4米的围墙,围墙由长50厘米的生土坯构筑而成。寺院可分为东南、西北两部分,每一部分具有不同的功能(图二)。

东南部建筑群为僧房院,正方形,边长19米(图三)。外侧为拱顶方形回廊,沿回廊后壁修建有空间大小不一的僧房和讲经堂等建筑。僧房内设置有位置各异、装饰有浮雕的长方形基座,有的位于室内中部,有的位于墙体下部。墙体下部多绘有叙事性的壁画。

西北部建筑群为塔院,正方形,边长30米。庭院中央为基座平面呈方形的佛塔,塔基边长约28米,残高约6米,多层,并有多重叠涩,四面筑阶梯道。修建方法为先预留出塔芯土柱,再挖去周围的土层,用土坯包砌而成。周边挖去土形成一个围绕佛塔的正方形庭院,四周围绕拱顶回廊,廊房后壁建有佛堂和佛龛,共有22座。在南回廊东侧廊房内,发现长达12米横卧在后壁长方形泥台上的佛祖涅槃塑像(图四、五)。塔院各佛堂和佛龛的台座上,都置有坐佛和立佛塑像。在佛堂和回廊壁上,彩绘有以佛教内容为题材的壁画,有佛像、说法图、千佛、供养人及花纹图案等。塔院南回廊中央开门,可通至僧房院。

遗址内发现有较多陶器,以生活器皿为主,器形有罐、盆、钵、壶、杯等,多素面或饰以简单纹饰(图六、七)。发掘清理出近500件塑像残块,包括彩绘泥塑的佛像、菩萨像及其他宗教人物等(图八-一二)。僧房、佛堂和回廊壁面用白色灰泥抹平,绘满彩色壁画,内容以佛像及其他佛教人物为主,同时也发现有鸟、莲花等动植物及当地贵族人物朝拜、供奉等世俗生活的场景(图一三-一七)。

阿吉纳特佩佛教寺院遗址在发掘后进行了现场初步保护,更加复杂和困难的室内修复工作在P.KoStrov指导设计的修复场地和实验室条件下进行。佛祖涅槃塑像发现时已破碎为44块,后被转移至位于杜尚别的塔吉克斯坦国家科学院历史学、考古学和人类学研究所进行了漫长而复杂的修复工作。20世纪90年代中期,艾尔米塔什博物馆专家V.Fominikh参与了修复工作。2000年,借塔吉克斯坦国家历史博物馆建成之机,修复工作者与博物馆工作人员在V.Fominikh的监督和法国考古人员的帮助下,开始恢复雕塑原貌工作,并于2001年塔吉克斯坦共和国成立十周年之际修复完毕向公众开放参观。

近年日本学者在该遗址进行了小规模的发掘,并实施了局部的保护工程,但效果不佳。目前该遗址以佛塔为中心的塔院尚未完整发掘,特别是佛塔遗迹本体尚未发掘过。寺院原为夯土和泥砖砌筑墙体的木构建筑,现木构部分已基本不存,残存的土质墙体和基础需要采取有效的保护措施。

公元7世纪中期,唐王朝平定了西突厥叛乱,并在阿姆河以北的中西部及东南部设置羁縻府州,佛教在当地短暂复兴,随着7世纪末至8世纪初阿拉伯人人侵并建立了阿拔斯王朝而最终衰落。阿吉纳特佩佛教寺院遗址向我们揭示了中世纪早期瓦赫什河谷腹地的早期佛教艺术,展现了许多原始和独特的中亚佛教艺术杰作,体现了犍陀罗、笈多、贵霜和粟特多种文化相融合的特点。阿吉纳特佩遗址是目前世界上为数不多的保存完整、布局清楚的早期佛教寺院遗址之一,具有很高的历史文化价值和学术研究价值,已被列人塔吉克斯坦境内丝绸之路“申遗”的遗址名单。

4. Name of individual Silk Roads component part: Buddhist monastery Ajina-Tepe

Brief description of the object-component:

Buddhist monastery Ajina-Tepe functioned in VII-VIII cc. AD. Its area is 100 x 50 m. It has a typical clear compositional scheme. Two parts of the complex, the monastery and the temple is constructed with composition scheme of 4 iwan and courtyard. The volume of the stupa (14 x 14 m) stands in the center of the temple part of the courtyard, surrounded by a number of rooms for religious purposes. The compositional center of the half monastery is a square courtyard, around which are grouped monastic cells, a hall, and a holy place. The rooms of both halves are richly decorated with paintings and sculptures. Many fragments of sculptures of the Buddha were found here. Most valuable discovery is a 12-meter high clay sculpture of Buddha in nirvana position.

Statement of authenticity and/or integrity of the individual component property

The conservation work on Ajina-Tepe were carried out under the auspices UNESCO in 2005 - 2008. The site is considered as the cultural heritage of national importance. The caretaker who is appointed and paid by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan is responsible for the protection of the site. Also a variety of conservation measures are held by local government authorities. The total area of the site is 1.3 ha.

Comparison of the Silk Roads component property: why selected against SoOUV (including explanation of why other similar sites not selected

The approach of dividing the monastery into two functionally different, but similar in size and internal organization of the parts has been adopted in Buddhist monastery Fayaz-Tepe, which was built in the early AD at Termez.
In III - V cc. AD the two-part Buddhist monasteries, divided by the monastery and temple (erected in the center of the stupa courtyard) were built in the northern part of Afghanistan - in the Bagh-Gai, San-Khao and Kunduz. Despite to the general similarities of Ajina-Tepe with these sacral complexes, it exceed their strict proportionality and the interconnectedness of all parts, with rational clearly decisions and very clear ideas in design and development of several innovative techniques and forms (eg: the application of unloading-axillary vaulting)


Date of Submission: 09/11/1999

Category: Cultural

Submitted by:
Off. of Preservation and Restoration of Monum. of History and Culture, Artistic Ex. Min. of Culture

Coordinates: The cloister of Ajina-Tepa is situated at a distance of 12 km from the east from the city of Kurgan-Tiube.

Ref.: 1382

Description

The cloister has a right-angled form (100 x 50 m.), it consists of two parts, there is a square yard surrounded buildings, in the center of it. There is a room in the middle of every side of the yard. The room consists of two parts too. The first part is an ivan (summer-house). There is a passage to the square cell in the back side of the ivan. These twin rooms are simmetrically situated face to face. The ivons are connected with crank corridors. The exits led from the corridors to the yard, other buildings, small monk cells of one or two rooms, economic premises. There was the second floor where it could be gone with a pandus but it didn't remain.

An entrance to the cloister was done in the center of the east façade there was an entrance-hall with a pandus. There was a hall for meetings of the monk community in the west part of the yard. A temple territory is situated in the north part. Its planning is approximately analogous to the first part, they were connected with wide passage. The central part was occupied with the Big Stupa (an element of Buddhistic temple for keeping of relics). The Big Stupa had a form of terrace cross-star form in the plan. It was oriented with its angles on the sides of world. Every façade had a staircase. The maximum size of the foundation of the Stupa is 28 m., the rest of the Stupa is 6 m. high.

There were the Small Stupas analogous to the Big Stupa but they where less than it in 10 times. They were situated in the corners of the yard and in the rooms of the north part of the temple. Beside that, the scientists found small models of the Stupas with small clay plates with buddhistic prayer.

The main building materials was clay and adobe bricks, the walls were 2,2-2,4 m. thick. The internal right-angles room were crowned with akchs, the square ones were crowned with cupolas. The cloister and the temple part were decorated with painting, big and small sculptures. The sculptures of the Buddha in different poses symbolized different stages of the life and activity of the Buddha.

There was a gigantic figure of the lying Buddha in Nirvana in the east end of the corridor of the temple part on the plane pedestal.

The sculpture was 12 m. long. All sculptures made of clay and the elements of the clothes were painted. The excavations of the monument of Ajina-Tepa finished in 1975. It is an important buddhistic cloister of Vahsh Valley.

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